Sex and Cardiac Electrophysiology

Marek Malik, PhD, MD, graduated from both mathematics and medicine and obtained Doctor of Science degrees in both disciplines (at Charles University in Prague and at University of London). He is Professor of Cardiac Electrophysiology and presently serves as a Senior Research Investigator at National Heart and Lund Institute of Imperial College, London. His research interests include autonomic nervous system, computerized electrocardiography, electrophysiologic responses to autonomic provocations, and cardiovascular risk assessment. In these fields, he authored many peer-review publications and served in a number of task forces including the chairmanship of the task forces providing the standards of heart rate variability and of assessment of drug-induced repolarization changes.

• Introduction1. Distinction between sex and gender2. What is sex good for?Cellular and Tissue Electrophysiology3. Sex differences in cardiac ion channels4. Atrial and ventricular tissue electrophysiology5. Cardiac conduction systemElectrocardiography6. Morphology of normal resting electrocardiogram7. QRS duration8. Sex differences in QRS fractionation and slurring abnormalities9. QT interval and QT/RR relationship11. T wave morphology and ventricular gradient12. T wave alternans13. Sex-specific definitions of electrocardiographic abnormalitiesCardiac Autonomic Regulation14. Baseline autonomic characteristics15. Cardiac autonomic responses to provocative stimuli16. Circadian pattern of autonomic statusEffects of Sex Hormones17. Electrophysiological cellular effects of sex hormones18. Development of electrocardiographic sex differences during puberty19. Electrophysiologic changes during menstrual cycle20. Electrocardiographic changes after heart transplantation21. Cardiac rhythm changes during menopauseChannelopathies22. Congenital long QT syndrome23. Congenital short QT syndrome24. Brugada syndromeDrug-Induced Electrophysiology Abnormalities25. Mechanisms of drug-induced QT interval prolongation26. Mechanisms and incidence of Torsade de Pointes tachycardiaTraining and Sport27. Electrophysiological adaptations to endurance and strength training28. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation 29. Arrhythmias due to athletic trainingCardiomyopathies and Inherited Disorders30. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy31. Dilated cardiomyopathy32. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy33. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia34. Cardiac electrophysiology in sex chromosome aneuploidies35. Takotsubo syndromeSupraventricular Tachycardias36. Supraventricular ectopies37. Focal supraventricular tachycardia38. Accessory pathway and atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia39. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia40. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia41. Ablation of nodal and atrio-ventricular accessory pathwaysAtrial Fibrillation42. Rate control of atrial fibrillation43. Cardioversion44. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation45. Demographics and procedural data differences of AF ablation46. Monitoring and follow-up after atrial fibrillation ablation47. Thromboembolic risk and anticoagulation therapy48. Quality of life with AF Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction49. Electrocardiographic manifestation of suspected acute coronary syndromes 50. Acute MI and cardiogenic shock arrhythmias51. Arrhythmias of subacute phase of MI52. Sex-specific arrhythmia risk of post-MI follow-up53. Sex Differences in Intensive Care Unit Electrocardiographic Alarms54. Predictive value of admission electrocardiography in heart failureVentricular Tachycardias55. Ventricular arrhythmias associated with structural heart disease56. Catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias associated with structural heart disease57. Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias58. Mapping and catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmiasElectrophysiology in Pregnancy59. Hormonal and autonomic electrophysiologic effects of pregnancy60. Supraventricular tachycardias during pregnancy61. Atrial fibrillation during pregnancy62. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia during pregnancy63. Pregnancy in congenital long QT and Brugada syndrome patients64. Pregnancy and implanted devices65. Fetal arrhythmia in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancySudden Cardiac Death66. Demographics and epidemiology67. Sudden Infant death syndrome68. Cardiac risk in the young69. Sex-specific mechanisms of sudden cardiac death70. Sex-specific risk assessment of sudden cardiac deathDrug Therapy71. Safety and efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs72. Dose responses in acquired long QT syndrome73. Acquired long QT syndrome and sex hormones74. Management of arrhythmias in pregnancyDevice Based Therapies75. Antibradycardia pacing76. Primary and secondary prevention of SCD in women77. Utility of Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators78. ICD registries and sex-specific metanalyses79. Clinical experience with the use of CRT in women80. CRT registries and sex-specific metanalyses81. Lead extraction in women82. Quality of life with implanted devicesOutlook83. Obstacles for enrolment of women in clinical trials84. Regulatory implications of sex differences in clinical trials