Sentencing

Dean John Champion, Ph.D., is professor of criminal justice at Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX. His published works include ABC-CLIO's Police Misconduct in America.

• TABLE OF CONTENTSChapter 1: Background and HistoryIntroductionSentencing DefinedGoals of SentencingPromote Respect for the LawReflect Seriousness of the OffenseDeterrence of Future Criminal ConductProtect Public from Dangerous OffendersOffender Rehabilitation and ReintegrationProvide Justice and Just Punishment for Crimes CommittedA History of Sentencing in the United StatesTypes of Sentencing SystemsIndeterminate SentencingDeterminate SentencingPresumptive or Guidelines Based SentencingMandatory SentencingOther Sentencing SchemesTruth-in-Sentencing LawsThree-Strikes-and-You're Out LawsHabitual Offender or Career Criminal StatutesState and Federal Sentencing Systems ComparedThe Rights of the Accused in the Sentencing ProcessThe Sentencing ProcessSentencing HearingsAcceptance of ResponsibilityAggravating and Mitigating CircumstancesStatutory and Nonstatutory Factors as ConsiderationsLegal and Extralegal FactorsSummaryReferencesChapter 2: Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsIntroductionSentencing IssuesProbation or Incarceration?Jail and Prison OvercrowdingOffender Needs or Public Safety?Selective Incapacitation: False Positives and False NegativesWrongful Convictions and State/Federal ResponsesJudicial Discretion and Abuse of DiscretionParole Board Discretion and Abuse of DiscretionPunishments without Conviction: Alternative Dispute Resolution and DiversionPredicting Offender Dangerousness or RiskPresentencing Investigations and Probation/Parole Officer InputChanging Sentencing Legislation and Public ResponseSpecial Types of Offenders and Unique PunishmentsMentally Ill Offenders and TreatmentsDrug- or Alcohol-Dependent Offenders and TreatmentsSex OffendersChild Sexual AbusersCivil Commitment Beyond Criminal PunishmentCommunity Notification LawsAre Some Types of Offenders Overpenalized?Recidivism and Sentencing EffectivenessSome Constitutional IssuesSentencing Appeals and the Appeals ProcessSummaryReferencesChapter 3: Worldwide PerspectiveIntroductionHow to Other Countries Sentence Their Offenders?Sentencing Schemes and Practices in Other CountriesAustraliaCanadaCosta RicaGreat BritainFranceGhanaJapanNetherlandsNorwayRussiaSouth AfricaSouth KoreaSwedenThailandReferencesChapter 4: ChronologyIntroductionSummaryReferencesChapter 5: Biographical SketchesJohn AugustusF. Lee BaileyZebulon BrockwayWarren E. BurgerJohnnie L. CochranEdward Coke, SirWalter Crofton, SirAlan DershowitzElizabeth Gurney FryPeter GreenwoodHammurabiJohn HowardHenry C. LeeAlexander MaconochieWilliam PennJohn RobertsBarry ScheckWilliam Howard TaftPeter Oxenbridge ThatcherEarl WarrenChapter 6: Facts, Data, and Leading U.S. Supreme Court CasesIntroductionSentenced U.S. Inmates in Prisons and JailsOffenders on Probation in the United StatesOffenders on Parole in the United StatesOffender Profiles: Race/Ethnicity, Gender, Prior RecordAverage Sentence Lengths for Various OffensesState and Federal Sentencing Types and PatternsSentencing TrendsLeading U.S. Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to Sentencing Schemes and Other Related FactorsAke v. OklahomaBlakely v. WashingtonBrown v. SandersCustis v.United StatesDeal v. United StatesDeck v. MissouriHarmelin v. MichiganHarris v. United StatesJones v. United StatesKoon v. United StatesMcMillan v. PennsylvaniaMelendez v. United StatesMuscarello v. United StatesO'Dell v. NetherlandPenry v. JohnsonPowell v. United States (See Koon v. United States)Shepard v. United StatesSimpson v. United StatesSmith v. United StatesUnited States v. DunniganUnited States v. GonzalesUnited States v. GrandersonUnited States v. JohnsonWisconsin v. MitchellThe U.S. Sentencing GuidelinesBraxton v. United StatesBuford v. United StatesMelendez v. United StatesMistretta v. United StatesStinson v. United StatesUnited States v. BookerUnited States v. RuizSex Offender LawsSeling v. YoungStogner v. CaliforniaSexual PredatorsKansas v. CraneKansas v. HendricksReconvictions and ResentencingArizona v. RumseyBullington v. MissouriNorth Carolina v. PearceAcceptance of ResponsibilityBraxton v. United StatesAggravating and Mitigating CircumstancesArrave v. CreechBeard v. BanksBlystone v. PennsylvaniaLankford v. IdahoMaynard v. CartwrightSumner v. SchumanTennard v. DretkeSummaryChapter 7: Directory of Organizations, Associations, and AgenciesIntroductionProsecution and Governmental AgenciesDefense and Defense OrganizationsPublic Defender OrganizationsAmerican Bar AssociationPublic and Private OrganizationsUnited NationsAmnesty InternationalAmerican Civil Liberties UnionOther OrganizationsSummaryChapter 8: ResourcesIntroductionAnnotated Print ResourcesAnnotated Nonprint ResourcesSummaryGlossaryIndexAbout the Author

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