Self-Healing Smart Materials

Inamuddin PhD is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy and environmental science. He has published about 150 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and edited 60 books with multiple well-known publishers.Mohd Imran Ahamed PhD is in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in SCI journals. His research focuses on ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment and analysis, actuators and electrospinning.Rajender Boddula PhD is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals, edited books with numerous publishers and has authored 20 book chapters.Tariq Altalhi PhD is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material.

• Preface xv1 Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 1Facundo I. Altuna and Cristina E. Hoppe1.1 Introduction 21.2 Extrinsic Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 51.3 Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 131.4 Remote Activation of Self-Healing 211.5 Perspectives and Challenges 26References 272 Smart Phenolics for Self-Healing and Shape Memory Applications 39Baris Kiskan and Yusuf Yagci2.1 Introduction 402.2 Self-Healable Polybenzoxazines 422.3 Benzoxazine Resins for Shape Memory Applications 512.4 Conclusion 57References 583 Self-Healable Elastomers 65Mariajose Cova Sánchez, Daniela Belén García, Mariano Martin Escobar and Marcela Mansilla3.1 Introduction 653.2 Self-Healing in Elastomers 673.2.1 Self-Healing Mechanism 683.2.1.1 Heat Stimulated Self-Healing 683.2.1.2 Light Stimulated Self-Healing 683.2.1.3 Mechanochemical Self-Healing 683.2.1.4 Encapsulation 693.2.2 Characterization of Healing Process 703.3 Particular Cases in Different Elastomers 713.3.1 Natural Rubber (NR) 713.3.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 763.3.3 Polybutadiene Rubber 793.3.4 Bromobutyl Rubber 813.3.5 Silicones 843.3.6 Polyurethanes 89References 924 Self-Healable Tires 99Norazlianie Sazali, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed and Zul Adlan Mohd Hir4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Self-Healable Rubber 1024.3 Promising Strategy for Self-Healing Rubber-Based Material 1034.4 Conclusion 113References 1135 Self-Healing Bacterial Cementitious Composites 123R. Preetham, R. Hari Krishna, M.N. Chandraprabha and R. Sivaramakrishna5.1 Introduction 1245.2 Biomineralization for Self-Healing 1305.2.1 Bacteria as Self-Healing Agent 1305.2.2 Bacterial Metabolic Pathway in Self-Healing 1315.2.2.1 Urea Hydrolysis by Ureolytic Bacteria 1325.2.2.2 Hydrolysis of CO2 by Carbonic Anhydrase Producing Bacteria 1335.2.2.3 Hydrolysis of Organic Acids 1345.2.2.4 Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction 1345.2.2.5 Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction 1355.2.2.6 Ammonification 1355.3 Strategies to Enhance the Performance of Bacterial Self-Healing 1395.4 Evaluation of Factors Affecting Bacterial Self-Healing 1415.4.1 Nutrient Suitability for Optimal Bacterial Growth 1425.4.2 Viability and Activity of Encapsulated Spores 1435.4.3 Evaluation of Encapsulation Material 1435.4.4 Crack Healing Efficiency 1445.4.5 Effects of Capsule Material and Bacteriaon Concrete Properties 1465.5 Conclusion, Future Prospective & Challenges 146References 1476 Self-Healable Solar Cells: Recent Insights and Challenges 153Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Sonia Bahrani, Seeram Ramakrishna, Chin Wei Lai and Wei-Hung Chiang6.1 Introduction 1546.2 Functional Mechanism of Protection Approaches 1556.2.1 Self-Healable Polymeric Structure 1556.2.2 Shape Memory Polymeric Structure 1566.2.3 Self-Cleanable Polymeric Platforms 1576.3 Advanced Self-Healable Polymeric Materials 1596.3.1 Self-Healable Polymers 1596.3.2 Self-Healable Hydrogels 1656.4 Shape Memory Materials 1686.5 Self-Healable Solar Cells 1696.6 Conclusions 175References 1757 Self-Healable Core–Shell Nanofibers 181Sonia Bahrani, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Chin Wei Lai and Wei-Hung Chiang7.1 Introduction 1827.2 Self-Healing Polymers in Fabrication of Core–Shell Nanofibers 1837.3 Strategies for Core–Shell Nanofibers Fabrication 1847.3.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing 1857.3.2 Vascular-Based Self-Healing 1877.4 Methods of Fabrication of Self-Healing Core–Shell Nanofibers 1887.4.1 Co-Electrospinning 1887.4.2 Emulsion Electrospinning 1907.4.3 Solution‐Blown 1947.5 Self-Healing in Laminated Composite 1947.6 Beneficial Self-Repairing Systems on Basis of Core–Shell Nanofibers 1967.7 Conclusion 197References 1978 Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials 203Angelita Cristiane Saul and João Henrique Zimnoch dos Santos8.1 Introduction 2038.2 Inverse Reactions and Chain Recombination 2058.3 Reversible (Covalent) Bonds 2058.3.1 Cycloadditions 2068.3.2 Reversible Acylhydrazones 2118.3.3 Disulfides 2168.3.4 Alkoxyamines (Radicals) 2188.3.5 Transesterification 2228.4 Supramolecular Interactions 2238.4.1 Hydrogen Bonds 2248.4.2 π–π Interaction 2258.4.3 Ionomers (Ballistic Stimulus) 2268.4.4 Metallopolymers 2278.5 Conclusion 229References 2299 Self-Healable Catalysis 237Bilge Coşkuner Filiz9.1 Introduction 2379.2 Self-Healable Catalysis Applications 2399.2.1 Oxygen Evolution Catalysts 2399.2.2 Specific Catalysis Applications of Self-Healing Property 2439.3 Conclusion 244References 24410 Self-Healing Materials in Corrosion Protection 247Eiman Alibakhshi, Bahram Ramezanzadeh and Mohammad Mahdavian10.1 Introduction 24810.2 Self-Healing Definition 24910.3 Inhibition of the Corroded Regions Thanks to the Presence of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments/Inhibitors 25110.4 The Imprisonment and Physical Release of the Inhibitor 25610.4.1 Ion-Exchange Based Materials 25710.4.2 Porous-Structure and Metal Oxide Materials 26810.4.3 Conductive Polymers 26910.4.4 Fibril Materials 27010.4.5 Lamellar-Structure Materials 27110.4.6 Other Containers 27410.5 Healing Using Polymerizable Agents 27510.6 Conclusion and Outlook 276References 27811 Self-Healable Conductive Materials 297M. Ramesh, L. Rajeshkumar, D. Balaji, V. Bhuvaneswari and S. Sivalingam11.1 Introduction 29811.2 Self-Healing Materials 29811.2.1 Elastomers 29811.2.2 Reversible Materials 30311.3 Self-Healing Conductive Materials 30411.3.1 Polymers 30411.3.2 Capsules 30611.3.3 Liquids 30811.3.4 Composites 30911.3.5 Coating 31111.4 Conclusion 313References 31312 Self-Healable Artificial Skin 321Younus Raza Beg, Gokul Ram Nishad and Priyanka Singh12.1 Introduction 32112.2 Preparation and Properties of Artificial Skin 32212.3 Applications of Electronic Skin 33512.4 Conclusion 341References 34213 Self-Healing Smart Composites 345Sithara Gopinath, Suresh Mathew and P. Radhakrishnan Nair13.1 Introduction 34513.2 Self-Healing Mechanisms and its Classifications 34613.2.1 Intrinsic Self-Repairing Materials 34813.2.2 Extrinsic Self-Repairing Materials 35013.3 Self-Healing of Thermoplastic Materials 35213.4 Self-Healing of Thermosetting Materials 35413.5 Conclusions and Future Study 355References 35614 Stimuli-Responsive Self-Healable Materials 361G. Jerald Maria Antony, S. Raja and S.T. Aruna14.1 Self-Healing Materials 36214.2 Synthesis of S-H Materials 36414.3 Types of S-H Materials 36514.4 Need for Stimuli-Responsive Shape Memory (S-RSM) Materials 36714.5 Stimuli-Responsive or Nonautonomous S-H Materials 36814.5.1 Light Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 36914.5.2 Thermal Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 37014.5.3 Chemical Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 37114.5.4 Electric/Magnetic Stimuli-Responsive S-H Materials 37214.5.5 Multi-Stimuli Responsive S-H Material 37314.6 Commercialization and Challenges 37414.7 Conclusions 375References 37515 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healable Materials 379M. Ramesh, L. Rajeshkumar and R. Saravanakumar15.1 Introduction 38015.2 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing Based on Gel 38015.3 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing Based on Crystals 38615.4 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing Based on Composites 38915.5 Mechanically-Induced Self-Healing for Corrosion 39415.5.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing Approaches for Corrosion Protection 39415.5.2 Fiber-Based Self-Healing Approaches for Corrosion Protection 39815.6 Conclusion 399References 40016 Self-Healing Materials in Robotics 405Sunny Kumar16.1 Introduction 40516.2 Chemistry of Self-Healing (S-H) Materials 40616.3 Working of Self-Healing (S-H) Material 40716.4 Application of Self-Healing Robots 40716.4.1 Self-Healing Electronics for Soft Robotics 40716.4.2 Self-Healing Electrostatic Actuators 40816.4.3 Self-Healing Skin for Robotics 40816.5 Approaches to Self-Healing 40816.6 Material Application and Damage Resilience Mechanism 41016.7 Conclusion 410References 41217 Self-Healing Materials in Aerospace Applications 415M. Harikrishna Kumar, C. Moganapriya, A. Moha Kumar, R. Rajasekar and V. K. Gobinath17.1 Introduction 41517.2 Classification of Self-Healing Materials 41717.2.1 Intrinsic Mechanism 41717.2.2 Extrinsic Mechanism 41817.2.2.1 Microencapsulation 41817.2.2.2 Microvascular Network 41917.3 Self-Healing Materials in Aerospace Applications 42017.3.1 Fiber Reinforced Polymers 42117.3.2 Modified Epoxy 42517.3.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites 42817.4 Conclusion 431References 43218 Bio-Inspired Self-Healable Materials 435Archita Sharma and Shailendra Kumar Arya18.1 Introduction 43618.1.1 Self-Healable Materials and Coatings 43918.1.1.1 The Process of Self-Healing Through the Exploitation of Micro-Capsule and Micro-Vascular Method 43918.1.1.2 Self-Healing Process Through Reversible Covalent Bond Formation 44218.1.1.3 Self-Healable Systems on the Basis of Supramolecular Self-Assembly 44418.1.2 Mechanism of Self-Healing Materials 44518.2 Repairing and Healing the Damage 44818.3 A Systematic Biomimetic Approach 44818.4 Self-Healable Materials: Case Studies 44918.4.1 Regrowth of Limbs 44918.4.2 The Mechanism of Bone Healing 45118.4.3 Cutaneous Wound Healing 45218.5 Applications of Bio-Inspired Self-Healable Materials—Examples 45318.5.1 Bio-Inspired Ionic Skin for Pressure Sensing 45318.5.2 Self-Healable Synthetic Vascular Materials Concerning Internal Damage 45618.5.3 Biobased Self-Healable Color Hydrogel 45818.5.4 Bio-Inspired Support for Repairing Damaged Articular Cartilage 46118.6 Conclusions and Outlook 464References 46519 Self-Healable Batteries 475Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Maryam Zarei, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Wei-Hung Chiang, Chin Wei Lai and Sonia Bahrani19.1 Introduction 47619.2 Development of Self-Healing Materials 47819.3 Self-Healing Batteries 48119.3.1 Self-Healable Electrodes 48119.3.2 Self-Healable Electrolytes 48319.4 Conclusions 487References 48820 Self-Healing in Bleeding Composites 495Lutfur Rahman, Ata Ullah, Muhammad Bilal Yazdani, Muhammad Irfan, Waheed S. Khan and Asma Rehman20.1 Introduction 49620.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Self-Healing Materials and Their Repairing Approaches 49820.3 Strategies of Self-Healing in Engineered Materials 49920.3.1 Materials With Bioinspired Self-Healing Mechanism 49920.3.2 Self-Healing in Composite Materials Based on Biomimetic Approaches 50220.3.3 Vascular Networks 50220.4 Healing Agents, Comparison With Biological Phenomenon and Bleeding Mechanism in Self-Healing Composite Materials 50320.4.1 Compartmentalization, Recovery After Yield and Reinforce Repair 50620.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Repairing Bleeding Composite Materials 50720.6 Conclusion 508References 50821 Self-Healing Polymers 511Muhammad Akram, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Adrish Sohail, Iram Ghaffar, Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Hina Anwar, Musa Abidemi Muhibi, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Umme Laila and Mathew Olaniyan21.1 Introduction 51221.2 General Overview on Self-Healing Materials 51321.3 Design of Self-Healing 51521.3.1 Modes of Action of Self-Healing 51521.3.2 Rearrangement of Surface Dynamics 51621.3.3 Bringing the Surfaces Together 51621.3.4 Wetness 51621.3.5 Diffusion 51621.4 Application of Self-Healing Materials 51721.4.1 Properties of Self-Healing 51821.4.2 Advancement in Self-Healing 51821.4.3 Classification of Self-Healing 51921.4.4 Healing Mechanism Types of Healing 51921.4.4.1 Crack Filling Healing Process 51921.4.4.2 Diffusion 52121.4.4.3 Bond Reformation 52121.4.4.4 Application 52121.5 Specific Examples of Self-Healing Polymer 52221.5.1 Intrinsic Self-Healing 52221.5.2 Extrinsic Self-Healing 52221.5.3 One Capsule System 52221.5.4 Self-Healing Based on Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization 52221.5.5 Solvent-Induced Self-Healing 52321.5.6 Dual-Capsule Systems 52321.5.6.1 Polydimethylsiloxane Condensation 52421.5.6.2 Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation 52421.5.6.3 Adaptive Resistant Effect 52421.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 525References 525Index 531