Secularisation and the Leiden Circle

Mark Somos is Lecturer on Law at Harvard University, Research Director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, and Senior Visiting Research Fellow at Sussex University. He holds a BA (Hons.) in History and an MPhil in Political Thought and Intellectual History from Cambridge, an AM in Government and Social Policy and a PhD in Political Science from Harvard, an LLM in International Security and Law from Sussex, and a PhD in Law from Leiden. Before returning to Harvard, Mark was a Leverhulme Fellow at Sussex, and a Rechtskulturen Fellow sponsored by the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin at Humboldt University Law School.

• Preface I INTRODUCTION1 Question and Term2 Method: Leiden as Illustration2.1 The Leiden Circle2.1.1 A Thickening Description: Illustration and Contextualisation3 The Medieval Background3.1 The Omnipresence of Theology: Generic Problems and Solutions3.1.1 IR Theology: Just War Theories During The Crusades3.2 A Specific Example: The Reign of Philip IV3.2.1 The Sacrosanct State and its Gallican Church3.2.2 Crown vs. Tiara: Boniface VIII, Clement V and the Avignon Papacy3.2.3 Expansion and Centralisation3.3 The Persistence of Theological Politics4 Change And Continuity: The Early Modern Crises of Christianity4.1 The Religious Foundations of Early Modernity: Generic Problems and Solutions4.2 A Specific Example: Historicisation as Secularisation’s Point of Entry5 Scaliger’s Secularising Historiography: A Valuable Start to Constructing Leiden as IllustrationII SCALIGER: HISTORY COMES OF AGE1 Vita Brevis2 Scaliger’s Significance3 Premature Universal History: The French Origins of Scaliger’s Method4 Everything a Target: History as Master Discipline4.1 First Illustration of History as the Master Discipline: Historical vs. Astronomical Method4.1.1 Leiden’s Scaligerian Astronomy4. 2 Second Illustration of History as the Master Discipline: History vs. Theology4.2.1 Ancient Christianity vs. Modern Progress4.2.2 The Secularisation of Christ5 Scaligerian History as Master Discipline: Consequences for the Leiden CircleIII HEINSIUS: ENTER SECULARISATION 1 Vita Brevis2 Virtuous Poverty of Reason: The Bucolic Heinsius (1603-4)3 Dwelling on the Pagan-Christian Borders: Heinsius and Cunaeus on Nonnus (1610)4 Enter Secularisation: On The Constitution of Tragedy (1611)4.1 Intellectual Context: Theatre and Sixteenth-Century Politics of Religion4.2 A Close Textual Analysis of DTC4.2.1 Imitation and Passion4.2.2 Character and Action4.2.3 Fable4.2.4 Manners4.2.5 Verisimilitude4.2.6 Universal – Particular In DTC4.2.7 Contrivance4.3 DTC and Secularisation4.4 Reception and Controversy4.5 Heinsius’s Secularising Contributions in DTC and Related Works5 On The Superiority And Dignity Of History (1613)5.1 The Greatest Good: Eternal Life5.2 Universal-Particular in DTC5.3 Epistemic Humility5.4 The Politics of Writing History5.5 History-Writing Polities5.6 History’s Triumphal March5.7 Unsecularised Counterparts of Triumph and Immortality through Historiography6 Hymns to Gods of Frenzy: Lof-Sanck Van Bacchus (1614), Lof-Sanck Van Jesus Christus (1616)6.1 Background6.2 Frenzy and the Brethren of the Common Life: The Epistemic Context6.3 The Lofzangen: Satire, Satyr, Silenos And Christ6.3.1 The Hymn to Bacchus 6.3.2 Satire6.3.3 The Hymn to ChristIV CUNAEUS: SOPHIA’S DREAM1 Vita Brevis1.1 Leiden’s Young Zeelanders2 Sardi Venales2.1 Brief Introduction: Text, Context, Reception2.1.1 Text: SV’s Secularising Message2.1.2 Context: SV’s Secularising Genre2.1.3 Reception: The Impact of SV’s Secularisation2.2 Textual Analysis: Text, Context, Reception2.2.1 SV: The Text2.2.2 Context2.2.3 ReceptionV GROTIUS: FROM BIBLE CRITICISM TO A THEORY OF WAR AND PEACE1 Vita Brevis2 Secularisation In IPC: From Bible Criticism to a Theory of War and Peace2.1 Introduction2.2 Textual Analysis2.2.1 Method and Contexts2.2.2 Discussion: Cases3 Conclusion: From Fox to HedgehogVI CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOKAppendixBibliographyList of IllustrationsIndex

In the detailed decoding of these erudite texts we find the main contribution of the book. To master this task requires impressive erudition on the historian's side and Somos certainly shows that he is up to the task. [...] The main contribution of the book is the intense focus on the scholars' secularising techniques. Somos is extremely apt in identifying and demonstrating the intellectual operations these scholars used to erode the power of reasoning based on Scripture. The diversity of the topics on which these secularising techniques are applied is fascinating and Somos always manages to show how they fit into a larger picture. Justus Nipperdey, European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2014), pp. 128-130Secularisation and the Leiden Circle is a great triumph. [...] lurking beneath these detailed and learned chapters is an elegant thesis on modernity and the emergence of state forms... Russ Leo, Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 504-506Mark Somos has written a challenging and fascinating book. Secularisation and the Leiden Circle is to be commended for its topic (the much maligned origins and process of secularisation), for the author’s depth and breadth of knowledge and for his impressive research and analysis of the source material. It is a tour de force by any measure [...] I not only enjoyed it very much but I will return to it often as I am sure others will as well.Esther Mijers, Reviews in History, Review No. 1288, July 19 2012A substantial, insightful and persuasive study that deepens our understanding of pivotal but often misunderstood currents of thought that helped to shape western modernity.Nicholas Keene, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 63, No. 04 (October 2012), pp. 829-830Somos' Secularisation and the Leiden Circle is an important book with a convincing message and an impressive use of sources from Antiquity through the Middle Ages to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. […] Secularisation and the Leiden Circle is indeed an original contribution to Dutch intellectual history and to the history of secularisation. Somos' basic idea is of prime importance, his examples are convincing, and his analysis of until now mostly neglected sources is as necessary as his final plea for historical conscience and awareness much beyond historiography. Sina Rauschenbach, Grotiana, Vol. 33 (2012), pp. 155-157Questo importante volume di Mark Somos affronta un tema delicato come quello del processo di secolarizzazione della cultura occidentale.Il volume di Somos non intende presentare né un modello funzionale di secolarizzazione né trarre dall’analisi storica delle categorie euristiche specifiche. Esso intende piuttosto presentare tale processo nella sua complessità [...] Rispetto ad approcci più onnicomprensivi e storiograficamente meno specifici al tema del «disincanto» del pensiero politico occidentale, il contributo di Somos ci restituisce un quadro aperto e volutamente non esaustivo di un processo complesso e contraddittorio.Marco Barducci, Il Pensiero Politico, Vol. XLV, No. 1 (2012), pp. 122-123Unpublished endorsements"Secularisation and the Leiden Circle is a book about the process of secularization of international relations by a variety of Dutch seventeenth-century authors. All of them were good Christians, but believed that writings about international affairs should be essentially secular and that religious conceptions and interventions could only contribute to discord among states. One of the many remarkable things about his book is the elegance, eloquence, and wit of Dr. Somos's style. Even more striking is his extraordinary erudition. This study is particularly relevant to contemporary debates about the role of religion in world affairs."Professor Stanley Hoffmann, Paul and Catherine Buttenweiser University Professor, Harvard University "This elegant masterpiece addresses large questions in a large way. Against the common view that secularization requires a confident hold on truth underwritten by modern science, Somos shows that a group of important secularizers in the West—the circle of thinkers associated with Leiden in the seventeenth century – in fact did not reject religion for the god of science. On the contrary, they were often deeply religious. They wanted to liberate politics and history from religion not because they were atheists, but rather because they were pacifists. With verve, wit, and erudition, Somos recovers the reasons that prompted the West to make itself modern."Professor Russell Muirhead, Robert Clements Professor of Democracy and Politics, Dartmouth College"This work by a young scholar reveals an extraordinary depth of knowledge and an ability to tackle the most important issues. As religious conflict once again racks the world, Mark Somos shows us in vivid detail how it first became possible in Europe to separate politics from religion, and how sixteenth- and seventeenth-century theorists offer us guidance about the intellectual labour necessary to do so in our own time."Professor Richard Tuck, Frank G. Thomson Professor of Government, Harvard University