Shady H. Nasser, Ph.D. (2011), Harvard University, is associate professor of classical Arabic at that university. He has published several articles in Qurʾānic studies and classical Arabic literature, including The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qurʾān (Brill, 2013).

• Acknowledgements Foreword Chapter 1: Preliminaries. The Second Canonization of the Qurʾān Chapter 2: Survival of the fittest 2.1: The Irregular readings of the Canonical Readings 2.2: Sixty-Six Problematic Transmissions in Ibn Mujāhid’s Kitāb al-Sabʿa Chapter 3: Ḥadīth and Qurʾān rijāl criticism Chapter 4: Orality revisited. The Written Transmission of Qirāʾāt 4.1: The Regional Codices 4.2: Early different forms of Qirāʾāt transmission Chapter 5: The Nature of the Qurʾānic variants 5.1: Standardization of Arabic and the Qurʾānic text through the principles of Qurʾānic recitation (uṣūl al-Qirāʾa) 5.2: The individual variants (farsh) of the Qurʾān Conclusion and future research Bibliography