Scramjet Propulsion

Dora Musielak, PhD, is Research Professor in the Physics Department at the University of Texas in Arlington, Texas, United States. She is a NASA Fellow, an AIAA Associate Fellow, and has been invited to lecture at universities in China, France, Mexico, Panama, Italy, England, Spain, and the United States.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgment xvii1 Introduction to Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 11.1 Hypersonic Flow and Hypersonic Flight 31.2 Chemical Propulsion Systems 51.3 Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles 121.4 Scramjet Engine–Vehicle Integration 151.5 Chemical Propulsion Performance Comparison 17                                              1.6 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Historical Overview 191.7 Scramjet Flight Demonstration Programs 231.8 New Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Programs 301.9 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Critical Technologies 331.10 Critical Design Issues 36Questions 37References 382 Theoretical Background 412.1 Atmospheric Flight 412.2 Air Thermodynamic Models 502.3 Fundamental Equations 532.4 Thermodynamic Cycle of Air-Breathing Propulsion 562.5 Air-Breathing Propulsion Performance Measures 612.6 Shock Waves in Supersonic Flow 652.7 One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition 692.8 Closing Remarks 73Questions 74References 743 Aerothermodynamics of Vehicle-Integrated Scramjet 773.1 Aerothermodynamic Environment 783.2 Hypersonic Viscous Flow Phenomena 833.3 Laminar to Turbulent Transition in Hypersonic Flows 883.4 Hypersonic Flowfield for Propulsion-Integrated Vehicles 923.5 Convective Heat Transfer or Aerodynamic Heating 1043.6 NASA X-43A Leading-Edge Flight Hardware 1113.7 Inlet Blunt Leading-Edge Effects and Entropy Layer Swallowing 1133.8 Inlet Shock-On-Lip Condition or Inlet Speeding 1143.9 Shock–Boundary Layer Interactions in the Propulsion Flowpath 1163.10 Inlet Unstart 1183.11 Closing Remarks 119Questions 120References 1204 Scramjet Inlet/Forebody and Isolator 1234.1 Introduction 1234.2 Engine Inlet Function and Design Requirements 1234.3 Inlet Types 1294.4 Inlet Compression System Performance 1324.5 Hypersonic Inlet Designs 1434.6 Inlet Operation: Start and Unstart 1524.7 Inlet Aerodynamics 1544.8 Isolator 157Questions 161References 1615 Scramjet Combustor 1655.1 Combustor Process Desired Properties 1665.2 Combustor Entrance Conditions 1675.3 Combustion Stoichiometry 1725.4 Combustion Flowfield 1745.5 Scramjet Combustor Geometry 1925.6 Scramjet Combustor Design Issues 1975.7 Closing Remarks 198Questions 199References 1996 Fuels for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 2036.1 Introduction 2046.2 Endothermic Fuels 2086.3 Heat Sink Capacity of Hydrogen and Endothermic Fuels 2106.4 Fuel Heat Sink Requirements 2126.5 Ignition Characteristics of Fuels 2146.6 Mixing Characteristics of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels 2176.7 Structural and Heat Transfer Considerations 2186.8 Fuel System Integration and Control 2196.9 Combustion Technical Challenges with Hydrocarbon Fuels 2196.10 Impact of Fuel Selection on Hypersonic Vehicle Design 2216.11 Fuels Research for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 223Questions 224References 2257 Dual-Mode Combustion Scramjet 2277.1 Introduction 2277.2 Phenomenological Description of Dual-Mode Scramjet 2297.3 Heat Addition to Flow in Constant Area Duct 2307.4 Divergent Combustor and Heat Release 2317.5 Combustor Mode Transition Studies 2367.6 Closing Remarks 247Questions 247References 2488 Scramjet Nozzle/Aftbody 2518.1 Introduction 2518.2 Nozzle Geometric Configurations 2558.3 Nozzle Performance Parameters 2608.4 Nozzle Flow Losses 2658.5 SERN Design Approach 2668.6 Nozzle Ground Testing Issues 2688.7 Special Topics for Further Research 2708.8 Closing Remarks 274Questions 275References 2759 Materials, Structures, and Thermal Management 2799.1 Hypersonic Flight Mission Characteristics 2809.2 Aerodynamic Heating 2819.3 Hypersonic Integrated Structures 2859.4 High-Temperature Materials Requirements and Properties 2959.5 Selected Materials for Hypersonics 2969.6 Examples of Vehicle Development Structure and Materials 3069.7 Materials and Structures Technical Challenges 312Questions 315References 31510 Scramjets and Combined Cycle Propulsion 31910.1 Aerospace Propulsion 32010.2 Combined Cycle Propulsion Concepts 32210.3 From Takeoff to Hypersonic Cruise 32410.4 Ideal Cycle Analysis of Turbojet and Ramjet Engines 32510.5 Single-Stage-To-Orbit and Two-State-To-Orbit Vehicles 34210.6 Propulsion for Spaceplanes 34310.7 Hydrogen for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 35210.8 Technical Challenges of Combined Cycle Propulsion 35910.9 Closing Remarks 362Questions 363References 36411 Ground Testing and Evaluation 36711.1 Introduction 36711.2 Airframe/Propulsion-Integrated Vehicle Design Requirements 36711.3 Ground Testing Overview 36911.4 Ground Testing for the NASA Hyper-X Program 37611.5 Ground Testing for the USAF X-51A Waverider 39011.6 ONERA Ground Testing for the European LAPCAT2 Combustor 39211.7 Vitiated versus Clean Air Hypersonic Wind Tunnel 39311.8 Diagnostics and Measurements for Scramjet Combustion 394Questions 396References 39712 Analysis, Computational Modeling, and Simulation 40112.1 Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence 40312.2 Surrogate-Based Analysis and Optimization (SBAO) 41412.3 Flowfield in Highly Integrated Hypersonic Air-breathing Vehicle 41612.4 NASA Hyper-X Program Computational Modeling Requirements 42312.5 Overview of Selected CFD Analysis Cases 42612.6 Closing Remarks 432Questions 434References 43413 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Flight Testing 43913.1 Introduction 43913.2 Flight Operational Envelope 43913.3 Flight Test Technique Concepts 44013.4 X-43A: Air-lifted, Rocket-boosted Approach 44413.5 Australia/USA Flight Experiments with Sounding Rockets 44913.6 Russia CIAM and NASA Partnership for Scramjet Flight Testing 45213.7 Hypersonic Flight Demonstration Program (HyFly) 45313.8 Phoenix Air-Launched Small Missile (ALSM) 45413.9 Gun-Launched Scramjet Missile Testing 45513.10 X-43A Flight Test Mishap 45513.11 Closing Remarks 457References 458Powering the Future of Transcontinental Flight and Access to Space 461Glossary 469Nomenclature 485Index 489