Scanning the Pharaohs

Zahi Hawass is one of the world's best known Egyptologists, former Egyptian minister of state for antiquities, and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence. He is the author of many books on ancient Egypt, including Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (AUC Press, 2013).Sahar Saleem, professor of radiology at Cairo University, is a specialist in advanced imaging technology with experience in paleoradiology.

• List of TablesForewordAcknowledgmentsChronologyIntroduction1. Radiographic Imaging of Royal Egyptian Mummies: Previous and Current Studies IntroductionMDCT Scanning TechniqueMDCT Image Analysis and ReconstructionOther Methods of CT Image ReconstructionImage InterpretationConclusion2. The Story of the Royal CachesHistorical IntroductionThe Cache of Deir al-Bahari (DB320)The Second Royal Cache: The Tomb of Amenhotep II (KV35)Sidelight: The Abdel Rasoul FamilyThe Mummies in the Valley of the Kings3. The Discovery of the Mummy of Queen Hatshepsut, and Examination of the Mummies of Her FamilyHistorical IntroductionThe Search for the QueenSidelight: Adventure in the ValleySidelight: Hatshepsut’s BoxThe DiscoveryDNA TestingConclusions4. CT Examination of Selected Mid- to Late Eighteenth Dynasty MummiesHistorical Introduction: The Reign of Amenhotep II to the Amarna PeriodExamination of the Mummies5. The CT Scan of the Mummy of Tutankhamun: New Evidence on the Life and Death of the KingHistorical IntroductionThe Mummy of TutankhamunCT Scanning of the MummyConclusionsSidelight: A New Theory about the "Burned" Mummy of Tutankhamun6. The Two Fetuses Found in the Tomb of TutankhamunHistorical IntroductionPrevious Plain X-ray Study of Mummy 317bResults of the CT Scan of the Two FetusesComparison between Findings of the CT Study and the Previous Plain X-ray Studies7. Investigations into King Tutankhamun’s FamilyHistorical IntroductionThe Parentage and Family of Tutankhamun: The DNA EvidenceResults of the ResearchMarfan’s Disease and the Family of Tutankhamun8. The Search for the Mummy of Queen NefertitiHistorical IntroductionThe Mummy of Nefertiti: Recent TheoriesThe KV21 MummiesCT Scans of the KV21 MummiesThe Two Fetuses in Tutankhamun’s Tomb: DNA Analysis ConclusionsSidelight: Mutnodjmet9. The Nineteenth DynastyHistorical IntroductionCT Examination of Selected Mummies of the Nineteenth DynastySidelight: The ExodusSidelight: Questions about Ramesses II and Merenptah10. The Twentieth Dynasty: Ramesses III, Pentawere, and the Harem ConspiracyHistorical IntroductionExamination of Ramesses III and Unknown Man ESidelight: New Evidence on the Death of Ramesses III11. CT Findings on the Mummification Process of Royal Ancient Egyptians, Eighteenth to Early Twentieth DynastiesMummification in Ancient EgyptBody PositionCT Features of Ancient Egyptian Embalming MaterialsHead Mummification and ExcerebrationEvisceration: Removal of Viscera and Visceral PacksCosmetic Care and Beautification of MummiesMultiple RestorationsMummification Features as Dating Criteria12. Amulets, Funerary Figures, and Other Objects Found on the MummiesIntroductionJewelryAmulets and Funerary FiguresBeads and StonesOther Foreign Objects13. Faces of the Royal MummiesIntroductionFeatures of the Faces and Heads of the Royal Mummies in CT ImagesCT Craniofacial FeaturesFacial ReconstructionThe Facial Reconstruction of TutankhamunConclusionAppendix: List of the Royal Mummies in the Egyptian Museum, CairoGlossaryIllustration CreditsList of AbbreviationsNotesBibliographyIndex

Named an Outstanding Academic Title of the Year by CHOICE"Essential. A superb, semi-popular account of the results of CT imaging performed on several New Kingdom Egyptian royal mummies. . . . The results are sometimes surprising but always fascinating. . . . This book will be of great interest not only to scholars but to anyone else fascinated by Egyptian mummies."—Choice"[A] remarkable book. The scans are reproduced for all to see and an extensive section of color images provides information never before reported. The comprehensive bibliography is also a contribution. This volume sets a high standard for future scans of the mummies of ancient Egypt."—Bob Brier, Journal of the American Oriental Society"This publication is certainly a great step forward on the path to the discovery and understanding of the life and thought of the ancient Egyptians through multidisciplinary research on the royal mummies."—Bretislav Vachala, Archiv Orientální"Fascinating and well-organized . . . incredibly appealing. Imaging professionals and those who are interested in ancient history will find this book fascinating."—Patti Hensel, Radiologic Technology