Julian Walterskirchen is a research associate at the Kompetenzzentrum Krisenfrüherkennung (Center for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS)) at the Universität der Bundeswehr, Munich (University of the Federal Armed Forces). Prior, he worked as a research assistant at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, after spending time as a consultant on the prevention of violent extremism at the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, New York, USA. He studied political science and international relations at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and Essex, United Kingdom. His research focuses on conflict and security studies, quantitative methods, and counterterrorism.Gerhard Mangott is a professor at the Department of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, lecturer at the Department for European Integration at the Donau Universität Krems, Austria, the University of Applied Sciences in Vienna, Austria, and the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna, Austria. His main research interests are foreign and security policies in Russia and the USA, strategic arms control and WMD proliferation, and energy security of the EU in the oil and gas sector.Clara Wend studied political science and translation studies at the University of Innsbruck. She received her bachelor degrees in 2021 and 2020 respectively, and is currently enrolled in the master’s programme in European and International Studies at the University of Innsbruck. She has worked as a student assistant at the department of political science since 2020.

• Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Objectives.- Chapter 3. Measures.- Chapter 4. Effects of Sanctions on North Korea, Iran, and Russia.- Chapter 5. Countermeasures.- Chapter 6. Recent Developments.- Chapter 7. Conclusion.

Julian Walterskirchen is a research associate at the Kompetenzzentrum Krisenfrüherkennung (Center for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS)) at the Universität der Bundeswehr, Munich (University of the Federal Armed Forces). Prior, he worked as a research assistant at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, after spending time as a consultant on the prevention of violent extremism at the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, New York, USA. He studied political science and international relations at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and Essex, United Kingdom. His research focuses on conflict and security studies, quantitative methods, and counterterrorism.Gerhard Mangott is a professor at the Department of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, lecturer at the Department for European Integration at the Donau Universität Krems, Austria, the University of Applied Sciences in Vienna, Austria, and the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna, Austria. His main research interests are foreign and security policies in Russia and the USA, strategic arms control and WMD proliferation, and energy security of the EU in the oil and gas sector.Clara Wend studied political science and translation studies at the University of Innsbruck. She received her bachelor degrees in 2021 and 2020 respectively, and is currently enrolled in the master’s programme in European and International Studies at the University of Innsbruck. She has worked as a student assistant at the department of political science since 2020.

• Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Objectives.- Chapter 3. Measures.- Chapter 4. Effects of Sanctions on North Korea, Iran, and Russia.- Chapter 5. Countermeasures.- Chapter 6. Recent Developments.- Chapter 7. Conclusion.

Julian Walterskirchen is a research associate at the Kompetenzzentrum Krisenfrüherkennung (Center for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS)) at the Universität der Bundeswehr, Munich (University of the Federal Armed Forces). Prior, he worked as a research assistant at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, after spending time as a consultant on the prevention of violent extremism at the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, New York, USA. He studied political science and international relations at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and Essex, United Kingdom. His research focuses on conflict and security studies, quantitative methods, and counterterrorism.Gerhard Mangott is a professor at the Department of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, lecturer at the Department for European Integration at the Donau Universität Krems, Austria, the University of Applied Sciences in Vienna, Austria, and the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna, Austria. His main research interests are foreign and security policies in Russia and the USA, strategic arms control and WMD proliferation, and energy security of the EU in the oil and gas sector.Clara Wend studied political science and translation studies at the University of Innsbruck. She received her bachelor degrees in 2021 and 2020 respectively, and is currently enrolled in the master’s programme in European and International Studies at the University of Innsbruck. She has worked as a student assistant at the department of political science since 2020.

• Chapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Objectives.- Chapter 3. Measures.- Chapter 4. Effects of Sanctions on North Korea, Iran, and Russia.- Chapter 5. Countermeasures.- Chapter 6. Recent Developments.- Chapter 7. Conclusion.