Melvyn P. Leffler is the Edward Stettinius Professor of American History at the University of Virginia and faculty fellow at UVA's Miller Center. His many books include For the Soul of Mankind and A Preponderance of Power.

• Preface ix Introduction: Embracing Complexity 1 1 The Origins of Republican War Debt Policy, 1921-1923: A Case Study in the Applicability of the Open Door Interpretation 28 2 Herbert Hoover, the "New Era," and American Foreign Policy, 1921-1929 47 3 Political Isolationism, Economic Expansionism, or Diplomatic Realism: American Policy toward Western Europe 1921-1933 76 4 The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948 117 5 Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952 164 6 Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War 187 7 Victory: The "State," the "West," and the Cold War 221 8 Dreams of Freedom, Temptations of Power 243 9 9/11 and American Foreign Policy 281 10 Austerity and U.S. Strategy: Lessons of the Past 303 11 National Security 317 Index 337

"Ultimately, Leffler’s framework is one of the most perceptive, rigorous, and comprehensive analyses ofAmerican foreign policy in the last eight decades."---Jennifer M. Miller, H-Diplo Roundtable Review

Melvyn P. Leffler is the Edward Stettinius Professor of American History at the University of Virginia and faculty fellow at UVA's Miller Center. His many books include For the Soul of Mankind and A Preponderance of Power.

• Preface ix Introduction: Embracing Complexity 1 1 The Origins of Republican War Debt Policy, 1921-1923: A Case Study in the Applicability of the Open Door Interpretation 28 2 Herbert Hoover, the "New Era," and American Foreign Policy, 1921-1929 47 3 Political Isolationism, Economic Expansionism, or Diplomatic Realism: American Policy toward Western Europe 1921-1933 76 4 The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948 117 5 Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952 164 6 Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War 187 7 Victory: The "State," the "West," and the Cold War 221 8 Dreams of Freedom, Temptations of Power 243 9 9/11 and American Foreign Policy 281 10 Austerity and U.S. Strategy: Lessons of the Past 303 11 National Security 317 Index 337

"Ultimately, Leffler’s framework is one of the most perceptive, rigorous, and comprehensive analyses ofAmerican foreign policy in the last eight decades."---Jennifer M. Miller, H-Diplo Roundtable Review

Melvyn P. Leffler is the Edward Stettinius Professor of American History at the University of Virginia and faculty fellow at UVA's Miller Center. His many books include For the Soul of Mankind and A Preponderance of Power.

• Preface ix Introduction: Embracing Complexity 1 1 The Origins of Republican War Debt Policy, 1921-1923: A Case Study in the Applicability of the Open Door Interpretation 28 2 Herbert Hoover, the "New Era," and American Foreign Policy, 1921-1929 47 3 Political Isolationism, Economic Expansionism, or Diplomatic Realism: American Policy toward Western Europe 1921-1933 76 4 The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948 117 5 Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952 164 6 Adherence to Agreements: Yalta and the Experiences of the Early Cold War 187 7 Victory: The "State," the "West," and the Cold War 221 8 Dreams of Freedom, Temptations of Power 243 9 9/11 and American Foreign Policy 281 10 Austerity and U.S. Strategy: Lessons of the Past 303 11 National Security 317 Index 337

"Ultimately, Leffler’s framework is one of the most perceptive, rigorous, and comprehensive analyses ofAmerican foreign policy in the last eight decades."---Jennifer M. Miller, H-Diplo Roundtable Review