Federico Varese is Professor of Sociology at Sciences Po in Paris and Senior Research Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford. He has written on the Russian mafia, Soviet criminal history, Russian dissidents, migration of mafia groups, Somali piracy, the drugs trade, and cybercrime. He is the author of many academic papers and three award-winning books: The Russian Mafia (2001), Mafias on the Move (2011), and Mafia Life (2018). Visit his webpage at: www.federicovarese.com

• AcknowledgementsA Note to the ReaderGlossaryIntroduction1 The mafia boss Vyacheslav Ivan’kov2 The oligarch Boris Berezovsky3 The convict Sergei Savel’ev4 The cybercriminal Nikita KuzminConclusionsReferences

"This book is an enthralling contribution, based on deep personal acquaintance, to our understanding of the Russian criminal and political world."Robert Service, Emeritus Professor of Russian History, University of Oxford "A brilliant study of how illegality thrived in post-Soviet Russia and of the relationship between four criminals and a gangster-like state. Federico Varese's latest book is compelling and meticulously researched. At a time when the Kremlin has unleashed a bloody war in Ukraine, he reminds us that democracy and the rule of law lost out to tyranny and dictatorship."Luke Harding, author of Mafia State: How One Reporter Became an Enemy of the Brutal New Russia and Invasion: Russia's Bloody War and Ukraine's Fight for Survival, shortlisted for the 2023 Orwell Prize "Putin’s bloody imperialism should not distract us from the fact that the Russian and Soviet empires only determined half of his mindset. The other half was formed by experiences of criminality Russia went through in the 1990s and 2000s. Federico Varese’s book is an important reminder of how critical this second part is."Andrei Soldatov, author of The New Nobility: The Restoration of Russia’s Security State and the Enduring Legacy of the KGB, and Visiting Fellow at King’s College London "This is a book by the leading academic specialist on organised crime in Russia, who is now sharing his knowledge with a wider public. Varese takes the reader on a journey from late Soviet criminality to the present day, when gangs are active in the new information and bit economy. He does this by introducing the reader to four larger-than-life characters. Through their exploits, we learn how criminality and corruption have become embedded in all levels of society and government."Judith Pallot, Emeritus Professor, University of Oxford “genius”Rights in Russia “informed, lively”Sydney Morning Herald“an intellectually rigorous book, compellingly argued and crisply written”Kirkus Reviews“Varese lays out a compelling case for a new understanding of Russia and democracy.”CrimeReads“Varese writes with a certain panache. He brings the stories of the four titular criminals to life, writing them as an elevated form of the pulp thriller.”The Diplomatic Courier“a deeply informed and incisive analysis of what went wrong in Russia.”Paul Monk, The Australian“fascinating”Times Literary Supplement