Rubies and Implants

Dr. Bozena Arnold (formerly Boczek) is professor emerita of materials engineering at HAW Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and has many years of experience in imparting materials engineering knowledge.

• Fascinating alumina.- The alumina family.- Polymorphs and their amazing effects.- The inside of alumina.- A little excursion into etymology.- How were rubies and sapphires determined in the past?.- How are rubies and sapphires determined today?.- Corundum - the natural aluminum oxide.- How hard is corundum?.- Ruby - the red corundum.- Sapphire - the blue corundum.- Why is ruby red and sapphire blue?.- Why are only a few rubies and sapphires found?.- In a ruby factory.- Ruby and the history of lasers.- Rubies, sapphires and watches.- Sapphire in technology.-Alumina - the artificial alumina.- Bauxite and the way to artificial alumina.- The Bayer process - from bauxite to aluminum hydroxide.- The forgotten inventor.- Calcination - from aluminum hydroxide to aluminum oxide.- The world of ceramics.- Useful sintering technology.- Is alumina ceramics resilient?.- Advantages of alumina ceramics.- The ceramic all-rounder.- Hidden in a scanning electron microscope.- Even better in a composite.- Implants and no more hip joint complaints.- News from alumina.Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)