Laurence Morel is Professor of Political Science at the University of Lille, France and affiliated to the Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po Paris (CEVIPOF), Francec.Matt Qvortrup is Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Coventry University, UK.

• Foreword by Vernon Bogdanor Introduction Part I. The History and Variety of Referendums 1. The History of Referendums and Direct Democracy 2. Types of Referendums, Provisions and Practice at National Level Worldwide 3. Local Referendums: A Comparative Assessment of Forms and Practice 4. Methodological Issues: Popper, Paradigms and Historical Perspectives on Referendum Research. A Case of Pluralism Part II. The Politics of Referendums: Causes and Regime Context 5. Views on Referendums: Is there a Pattern? 6. Why Referendums? On Appearances and Absences 7. Referendums and Consensus Democracy: Empirical Findings from 21 EU Countries Part III. The Democratic Quality of Referendums: Criteria, Practices, Regulations 8. The Democratic Criticism of Referendums: The Majority and True Will of the People 9. The Democratic Potential of Referendums: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Limitations 10. Democratic Credentials and Deficits of Referendums: A Case Study of the Scottish Independence Vote 11. People Concerned and People Entitled to Vote: The Example of Sovereignty Referendums 12. The Expression of Popular Will: Does the Wording of a Referendum Question Matter? 13. The Expression of Popular Will: Do Campaigns Matter and How Do Voters Decide? 14.The Strength of Popular Will: Legal Impact, Implementation and Duration 15. Existing Regulations and Recommended Best Practices: The Example of the USA Part IV. Voting at Referendums 16. Voting Behaviour in Direct Democracy Votes 17.Picking Winners. Forecasting the Results of EU Referendums 1972-2016 18.The Formation of Opinions at Referendums: The Application of the Screening Theory Model 19. Are Referendums a Machinery to Turn Out our Prejudices into Rational Choices ? An Unfortunate Answer of Sociophysics 20.How Elections Shape Campaigning Effects in Direct Democracy Part V. Policy and Political Effects of Referendums 21. Referendums, Minorities and Individual Freedoms 22. Referendums on European Integration: Crisis-Solving or Crisis-Inducing? 23. Do Referendums Make Better Citizens? TTThe Effects of Direct Democracy on Political Interest, Civic Competence and Participation 24. Brinkmanship and Backsliding: How Governments Deal with Referendum Decisions 25. Effects of Referendums on Party Cohesion and Cleavages: Empirical Findings from 21 EU Countries Part VI. Related Direct Democratic Institutions: An Overview 26. Recall Referendum Around the World: Origins, Institutional Designs and Current Debates 27. Deliberative Mini-Publics in Democratic Systems 28. Nothing Fails Like Success: Teledemocracy and Deliberative Polling 29. Sortition, Direct Democracy and Indirect Democracy Appendix 1.Types of Nationwide Referendums Provided for in the 195 Countries of the World (2016) Appendix 2. Practice of Nationwide Referendums in the 195 countries of the World (1940-2016)

"Referendums can dramatically validate controversial political projects (such as Brexit). But the record is very patchy and uneven, and solidly constructed democratic referendums are rare. This thorough and up to date Handbook provides indispensable guidance both to the potential benefits and to the many pitfalls". - Laurence Whitehead, Nuffield College, Oxford University."This volume brings together in one place the answers to all the questions you ever wanted to ask about referendums in many forms and places. A must have for serious researchers and their libraries." - Professor Richard Rose FBA, Director, Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University. of Strathclyde

Laurence Morel is Professor of Political Science at the University of Lille, France and affiliated to the Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po Paris (CEVIPOF), Francec.Matt Qvortrup is Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Coventry University, UK.

• Foreword by Vernon Bogdanor Introduction Part I. The History and Variety of Referendums 1. The History of Referendums and Direct Democracy 2. Types of Referendums, Provisions and Practice at National Level Worldwide 3. Local Referendums: A Comparative Assessment of Forms and Practice 4. Methodological Issues: Popper, Paradigms and Historical Perspectives on Referendum Research. A Case of Pluralism Part II. The Politics of Referendums: Causes and Regime Context 5. Views on Referendums: Is there a Pattern? 6. Why Referendums? On Appearances and Absences 7. Referendums and Consensus Democracy: Empirical Findings from 21 EU Countries Part III. The Democratic Quality of Referendums: Criteria, Practices, Regulations 8. The Democratic Criticism of Referendums: The Majority and True Will of the People 9. The Democratic Potential of Referendums: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Limitations 10. Democratic Credentials and Deficits of Referendums: A Case Study of the Scottish Independence Vote 11. People Concerned and People Entitled to Vote: The Example of Sovereignty Referendums 12. The Expression of Popular Will: Does the Wording of a Referendum Question Matter? 13. The Expression of Popular Will: Do Campaigns Matter and How Do Voters Decide? 14.The Strength of Popular Will: Legal Impact, Implementation and Duration 15. Existing Regulations and Recommended Best Practices: The Example of the USA Part IV. Voting at Referendums 16. Voting Behaviour in Direct Democracy Votes 17.Picking Winners. Forecasting the Results of EU Referendums 1972-2016 18.The Formation of Opinions at Referendums: The Application of the Screening Theory Model 19. Are Referendums a Machinery to Turn Out our Prejudices into Rational Choices ? An Unfortunate Answer of Sociophysics 20.How Elections Shape Campaigning Effects in Direct Democracy Part V. Policy and Political Effects of Referendums 21. Referendums, Minorities and Individual Freedoms 22. Referendums on European Integration: Crisis-Solving or Crisis-Inducing? 23. Do Referendums Make Better Citizens? TTThe Effects of Direct Democracy on Political Interest, Civic Competence and Participation 24. Brinkmanship and Backsliding: How Governments Deal with Referendum Decisions 25. Effects of Referendums on Party Cohesion and Cleavages: Empirical Findings from 21 EU Countries Part VI. Related Direct Democratic Institutions: An Overview 26. Recall Referendum Around the World: Origins, Institutional Designs and Current Debates 27. Deliberative Mini-Publics in Democratic Systems 28. Nothing Fails Like Success: Teledemocracy and Deliberative Polling 29. Sortition, Direct Democracy and Indirect Democracy Appendix 1.Types of Nationwide Referendums Provided for in the 195 Countries of the World (2016) Appendix 2. Practice of Nationwide Referendums in the 195 countries of the World (1940-2016)

"Referendums can dramatically validate controversial political projects (such as Brexit). But the record is very patchy and uneven, and solidly constructed democratic referendums are rare. This thorough and up to date Handbook provides indispensable guidance both to the potential benefits and to the many pitfalls". - Laurence Whitehead, Nuffield College, Oxford University."This volume brings together in one place the answers to all the questions you ever wanted to ask about referendums in many forms and places. A must have for serious researchers and their libraries." - Professor Richard Rose FBA, Director, Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University. of Strathclyde

Laurence Morel is Professor of Political Science at the University of Lille, France and affiliated to the Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po Paris (CEVIPOF), Francec.Matt Qvortrup is Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Coventry University, UK.

• Foreword by Vernon Bogdanor Introduction Part I. The History and Variety of Referendums 1. The History of Referendums and Direct Democracy 2. Types of Referendums, Provisions and Practice at National Level Worldwide 3. Local Referendums: A Comparative Assessment of Forms and Practice 4. Methodological Issues: Popper, Paradigms and Historical Perspectives on Referendum Research. A Case of Pluralism Part II. The Politics of Referendums: Causes and Regime Context 5. Views on Referendums: Is there a Pattern? 6. Why Referendums? On Appearances and Absences 7. Referendums and Consensus Democracy: Empirical Findings from 21 EU Countries Part III. The Democratic Quality of Referendums: Criteria, Practices, Regulations 8. The Democratic Criticism of Referendums: The Majority and True Will of the People 9. The Democratic Potential of Referendums: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Limitations 10. Democratic Credentials and Deficits of Referendums: A Case Study of the Scottish Independence Vote 11. People Concerned and People Entitled to Vote: The Example of Sovereignty Referendums 12. The Expression of Popular Will: Does the Wording of a Referendum Question Matter? 13. The Expression of Popular Will: Do Campaigns Matter and How Do Voters Decide? 14.The Strength of Popular Will: Legal Impact, Implementation and Duration 15. Existing Regulations and Recommended Best Practices: The Example of the USA Part IV. Voting at Referendums 16. Voting Behaviour in Direct Democracy Votes 17.Picking Winners. Forecasting the Results of EU Referendums 1972-2016 18.The Formation of Opinions at Referendums: The Application of the Screening Theory Model 19. Are Referendums a Machinery to Turn Out our Prejudices into Rational Choices ? An Unfortunate Answer of Sociophysics 20.How Elections Shape Campaigning Effects in Direct Democracy Part V. Policy and Political Effects of Referendums 21. Referendums, Minorities and Individual Freedoms 22. Referendums on European Integration: Crisis-Solving or Crisis-Inducing? 23. Do Referendums Make Better Citizens? TTThe Effects of Direct Democracy on Political Interest, Civic Competence and Participation 24. Brinkmanship and Backsliding: How Governments Deal with Referendum Decisions 25. Effects of Referendums on Party Cohesion and Cleavages: Empirical Findings from 21 EU Countries Part VI. Related Direct Democratic Institutions: An Overview 26. Recall Referendum Around the World: Origins, Institutional Designs and Current Debates 27. Deliberative Mini-Publics in Democratic Systems 28. Nothing Fails Like Success: Teledemocracy and Deliberative Polling 29. Sortition, Direct Democracy and Indirect Democracy Appendix 1.Types of Nationwide Referendums Provided for in the 195 Countries of the World (2016) Appendix 2. Practice of Nationwide Referendums in the 195 countries of the World (1940-2016)

"Referendums can dramatically validate controversial political projects (such as Brexit). But the record is very patchy and uneven, and solidly constructed democratic referendums are rare. This thorough and up to date Handbook provides indispensable guidance both to the potential benefits and to the many pitfalls". - Laurence Whitehead, Nuffield College, Oxford University."This volume brings together in one place the answers to all the questions you ever wanted to ask about referendums in many forms and places. A must have for serious researchers and their libraries." - Professor Richard Rose FBA, Director, Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University. of Strathclyde