Shafiqul Islam is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Professor of Water Diplomacy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and the Director of the Water Diplomacy Program at Tufts University, USA.Kevin Smith is a PhD candidate in environmental and water resources engineering at Tufts University, USA, investigating how adaptive institutions and infrastructure can improve environmental governance and management outcomes by facilitating and incentivizing interjurisdictional collaboration.Martina Klimes is Senior Manager and Advisor on Climate, Water, and Peace at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and the International Centre for Water Cooperation (ICWC), serves on the Scientific Programme Committee for World Water Week (2019–2025), holds a PhDin International Relations, and has more than 15 years of experience in dialogue facilitation andpolitical-security analysis across diverse contexts worldwide.Aaron Salzberg is Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering in the Gillings School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, and served as the first Special Coordinator for Water Resources at the US Department of State.

• Section I- Overview 1. Why We Need a Water Diplomacy Handbook 2. The Key Themes, Concepts, and Ideas of Water Diplomacy 3. Navigating the Water Diplomacy Handbook 4. A Living Handbook: Connecting Handbook Contents with the AquaPedia Case Study Database Section II – Water Diplomacy Themes, Concepts, and Ideas 5. A Hydrology Primer for Diplomats 6. Water as a Source of Conflict 7. Water as a Source of Cooperation 8. Scales of Water Diplomacy 9. Water Diplomacy Paths: An Approach To Recognize Water Diplomacy Actions 10. Water Diplomacy and Third-Party Engagement 11. Actors in Water Diplomacy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Section III – Common Water Diplomacy Challenges 12. Mapping the Water Diplomacy Problem Space 13. Managing Water Diplomacy Processes 14. The Role of Scientific Uncertainties in Transboundary Water Negotiations 15. The Role of Distrust in Transboundary Water Relations 16. Creating and Distributing Benefits in Water Diplomacy 17. The Role of Knowledge Transmission in Water Diplomacy 18. Disinformation Challenges in Water Governance and Diplomacy Section IV – Tools of Water Diplomacy 19. Building Political Will for Water Diplomacy 20. Joint Fact-Finding to Tackle Difficult Water Challenges 21. Modeling to Support Water Management Negotiations 22. Mutual Gains Negotiation in Water Diplomacy 23. Water Markets: Tools for Management and Diplomacy 24. Game Theory: Insights for Water Diplomacy 25. Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Transformative Approaches: Assessing Progress and Potential in Water Diplomacy 26. The Use of Games in Water Diplomacy with Communities 27. International Law and Water Diplomacy 28. Conflict Systems Analysis: Integrating Climate and Water Risks 29. Capacity Development for Water Diplomacy: The Experience Exchange Approach 30. Movement Building Transformative Water Diplomacy Approaches 31. The UN Watercourses Convention and its Relevance to Water Diplomacy and Negotiated Agreements 32. Groundwater Diplomacy: Addressing Unseen but Essential Water Resources 33. Organizations as Third Parties in Water Diplomacy Processes 34. The Human Right to Water and its Relevance to Transboundary Contexts 35. Regional Perspectives on Water and Diplomacy 36. Principled, Pragmatic, Possible: Water Diplomacy in the Great Bay Estuary 37. Neither Necessary nor Sufficient: Roles and Relevance of Enabling Conditions in Resolving Complex Water Problems at Different Scales Section VI – Case Studies at the Transnational Scale 38. Türkiye’s Perspective on Water Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin 39. The Complexity of Transboundary Water Negotiations: A Case Study of Afghanistan and Iran 40. The Salween River Basin: Navigating Transboundary Governance, Development Pressures, and Civil Society Engagement in China, Myanmar, and Thailand 41. The Jordan River Basin 70 Years After the Johnston Plan 42. Water Diplomacy in Support of Sustainable Development: The Case of the Sava River Basin 43. Factors that Contribute to Successful Diplomatic Outcomes: Case Study of the Colorado River Basin Cross-boundary Institution 44. Failed Attempts to Conclude Water Agreements: The Case of the Silala 45. Safeguarding the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest: A Shared Commitment for Future India-Bangladesh Water Agreements Section VII – Case Studies at the Subnational Scale 46. Urmia Lake Restoration Process: Challenges and Applicability of Water Diplomacy Framework 47. Indigenous Nations, Water, and Conflict 48. Seeing Underground: Understanding Complexity in the Great Basin Groundwater Grab Section VIII – Case Studies at the Community Scale 49. Sukhomajri Water Management as a Coupled System: Understanding of and Adapting to Evolving Changes in System Dynamics 50. The Role of Heritage in Understanding Community-Scale Water Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Al-Ghab Plain in Syria Section IX – Reflections 51. Ground Rules for Water Diplomacy Negotiators 52. Water Diplomacy and Transboundary Watercourses: Obstacles and Related Issues in Some Middle Eastern Cases 53. Hydrodiplomacy: The Case of Post-Independence Namibia 54. The Evolving Landscape of Diplomacy Epilogue: Navigating the Future of Water Diplomacy Glossary: A Guide to Key Terms in the Handbook Index

Shafiqul Islam is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Professor of Water Diplomacy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and the Director of the Water Diplomacy Program at Tufts University, USA.Kevin Smith is a PhD candidate in environmental and water resources engineering at Tufts University, USA, investigating how adaptive institutions and infrastructure can improve environmental governance and management outcomes by facilitating and incentivizing interjurisdictional collaboration.Martina Klimes is Senior Manager and Advisor on Climate, Water, and Peace at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and the International Centre for Water Cooperation (ICWC), serves on the Scientific Programme Committee for World Water Week (2019–2025), holds a PhDin International Relations, and has more than 15 years of experience in dialogue facilitation andpolitical-security analysis across diverse contexts worldwide.Aaron Salzberg is Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering in the Gillings School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, and served as the first Special Coordinator for Water Resources at the US Department of State.

• Section I- Overview 1. Why We Need a Water Diplomacy Handbook 2. The Key Themes, Concepts, and Ideas of Water Diplomacy 3. Navigating the Water Diplomacy Handbook 4. A Living Handbook: Connecting Handbook Contents with the AquaPedia Case Study Database Section II – Water Diplomacy Themes, Concepts, and Ideas 5. A Hydrology Primer for Diplomats 6. Water as a Source of Conflict 7. Water as a Source of Cooperation 8. Scales of Water Diplomacy 9. Water Diplomacy Paths: An Approach To Recognize Water Diplomacy Actions 10. Water Diplomacy and Third-Party Engagement 11. Actors in Water Diplomacy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Section III – Common Water Diplomacy Challenges 12. Mapping the Water Diplomacy Problem Space 13. Managing Water Diplomacy Processes 14. The Role of Scientific Uncertainties in Transboundary Water Negotiations 15. The Role of Distrust in Transboundary Water Relations 16. Creating and Distributing Benefits in Water Diplomacy 17. The Role of Knowledge Transmission in Water Diplomacy 18. Disinformation Challenges in Water Governance and Diplomacy Section IV – Tools of Water Diplomacy 19. Building Political Will for Water Diplomacy 20. Joint Fact-Finding to Tackle Difficult Water Challenges 21. Modeling to Support Water Management Negotiations 22. Mutual Gains Negotiation in Water Diplomacy 23. Water Markets: Tools for Management and Diplomacy 24. Game Theory: Insights for Water Diplomacy 25. Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Transformative Approaches: Assessing Progress and Potential in Water Diplomacy 26. The Use of Games in Water Diplomacy with Communities 27. International Law and Water Diplomacy 28. Conflict Systems Analysis: Integrating Climate and Water Risks 29. Capacity Development for Water Diplomacy: The Experience Exchange Approach 30. Movement Building Transformative Water Diplomacy Approaches 31. The UN Watercourses Convention and its Relevance to Water Diplomacy and Negotiated Agreements 32. Groundwater Diplomacy: Addressing Unseen but Essential Water Resources 33. Organizations as Third Parties in Water Diplomacy Processes 34. The Human Right to Water and its Relevance to Transboundary Contexts 35. Regional Perspectives on Water and Diplomacy 36. Principled, Pragmatic, Possible: Water Diplomacy in the Great Bay Estuary 37. Neither Necessary nor Sufficient: Roles and Relevance of Enabling Conditions in Resolving Complex Water Problems at Different Scales Section VI – Case Studies at the Transnational Scale 38. Türkiye’s Perspective on Water Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin 39. The Complexity of Transboundary Water Negotiations: A Case Study of Afghanistan and Iran 40. The Salween River Basin: Navigating Transboundary Governance, Development Pressures, and Civil Society Engagement in China, Myanmar, and Thailand 41. The Jordan River Basin 70 Years After the Johnston Plan 42. Water Diplomacy in Support of Sustainable Development: The Case of the Sava River Basin 43. Factors that Contribute to Successful Diplomatic Outcomes: Case Study of the Colorado River Basin Cross-boundary Institution 44. Failed Attempts to Conclude Water Agreements: The Case of the Silala 45. Safeguarding the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest: A Shared Commitment for Future India-Bangladesh Water Agreements Section VII – Case Studies at the Subnational Scale 46. Urmia Lake Restoration Process: Challenges and Applicability of Water Diplomacy Framework 47. Indigenous Nations, Water, and Conflict 48. Seeing Underground: Understanding Complexity in the Great Basin Groundwater Grab Section VIII – Case Studies at the Community Scale 49. Sukhomajri Water Management as a Coupled System: Understanding of and Adapting to Evolving Changes in System Dynamics 50. The Role of Heritage in Understanding Community-Scale Water Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Al-Ghab Plain in Syria Section IX – Reflections 51. Ground Rules for Water Diplomacy Negotiators 52. Water Diplomacy and Transboundary Watercourses: Obstacles and Related Issues in Some Middle Eastern Cases 53. Hydrodiplomacy: The Case of Post-Independence Namibia 54. The Evolving Landscape of Diplomacy Epilogue: Navigating the Future of Water Diplomacy Glossary: A Guide to Key Terms in the Handbook Index

Shafiqul Islam is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Professor of Water Diplomacy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and the Director of the Water Diplomacy Program at Tufts University, USA.Kevin Smith is a PhD candidate in environmental and water resources engineering at Tufts University, USA, investigating how adaptive institutions and infrastructure can improve environmental governance and management outcomes by facilitating and incentivizing interjurisdictional collaboration.Martina Klimes is Senior Manager and Advisor on Climate, Water, and Peace at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and the International Centre for Water Cooperation (ICWC), serves on the Scientific Programme Committee for World Water Week (2019–2025), holds a PhDin International Relations, and has more than 15 years of experience in dialogue facilitation andpolitical-security analysis across diverse contexts worldwide.Aaron Salzberg is Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering in the Gillings School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, and served as the first Special Coordinator for Water Resources at the US Department of State.

• Section I- Overview 1. Why We Need a Water Diplomacy Handbook 2. The Key Themes, Concepts, and Ideas of Water Diplomacy 3. Navigating the Water Diplomacy Handbook 4. A Living Handbook: Connecting Handbook Contents with the AquaPedia Case Study Database Section II – Water Diplomacy Themes, Concepts, and Ideas 5. A Hydrology Primer for Diplomats 6. Water as a Source of Conflict 7. Water as a Source of Cooperation 8. Scales of Water Diplomacy 9. Water Diplomacy Paths: An Approach To Recognize Water Diplomacy Actions 10. Water Diplomacy and Third-Party Engagement 11. Actors in Water Diplomacy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Section III – Common Water Diplomacy Challenges 12. Mapping the Water Diplomacy Problem Space 13. Managing Water Diplomacy Processes 14. The Role of Scientific Uncertainties in Transboundary Water Negotiations 15. The Role of Distrust in Transboundary Water Relations 16. Creating and Distributing Benefits in Water Diplomacy 17. The Role of Knowledge Transmission in Water Diplomacy 18. Disinformation Challenges in Water Governance and Diplomacy Section IV – Tools of Water Diplomacy 19. Building Political Will for Water Diplomacy 20. Joint Fact-Finding to Tackle Difficult Water Challenges 21. Modeling to Support Water Management Negotiations 22. Mutual Gains Negotiation in Water Diplomacy 23. Water Markets: Tools for Management and Diplomacy 24. Game Theory: Insights for Water Diplomacy 25. Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Transformative Approaches: Assessing Progress and Potential in Water Diplomacy 26. The Use of Games in Water Diplomacy with Communities 27. International Law and Water Diplomacy 28. Conflict Systems Analysis: Integrating Climate and Water Risks 29. Capacity Development for Water Diplomacy: The Experience Exchange Approach 30. Movement Building Transformative Water Diplomacy Approaches 31. The UN Watercourses Convention and its Relevance to Water Diplomacy and Negotiated Agreements 32. Groundwater Diplomacy: Addressing Unseen but Essential Water Resources 33. Organizations as Third Parties in Water Diplomacy Processes 34. The Human Right to Water and its Relevance to Transboundary Contexts 35. Regional Perspectives on Water and Diplomacy 36. Principled, Pragmatic, Possible: Water Diplomacy in the Great Bay Estuary 37. Neither Necessary nor Sufficient: Roles and Relevance of Enabling Conditions in Resolving Complex Water Problems at Different Scales Section VI – Case Studies at the Transnational Scale 38. Türkiye’s Perspective on Water Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin 39. The Complexity of Transboundary Water Negotiations: A Case Study of Afghanistan and Iran 40. The Salween River Basin: Navigating Transboundary Governance, Development Pressures, and Civil Society Engagement in China, Myanmar, and Thailand 41. The Jordan River Basin 70 Years After the Johnston Plan 42. Water Diplomacy in Support of Sustainable Development: The Case of the Sava River Basin 43. Factors that Contribute to Successful Diplomatic Outcomes: Case Study of the Colorado River Basin Cross-boundary Institution 44. Failed Attempts to Conclude Water Agreements: The Case of the Silala 45. Safeguarding the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest: A Shared Commitment for Future India-Bangladesh Water Agreements Section VII – Case Studies at the Subnational Scale 46. Urmia Lake Restoration Process: Challenges and Applicability of Water Diplomacy Framework 47. Indigenous Nations, Water, and Conflict 48. Seeing Underground: Understanding Complexity in the Great Basin Groundwater Grab Section VIII – Case Studies at the Community Scale 49. Sukhomajri Water Management as a Coupled System: Understanding of and Adapting to Evolving Changes in System Dynamics 50. The Role of Heritage in Understanding Community-Scale Water Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Al-Ghab Plain in Syria Section IX – Reflections 51. Ground Rules for Water Diplomacy Negotiators 52. Water Diplomacy and Transboundary Watercourses: Obstacles and Related Issues in Some Middle Eastern Cases 53. Hydrodiplomacy: The Case of Post-Independence Namibia 54. The Evolving Landscape of Diplomacy Epilogue: Navigating the Future of Water Diplomacy Glossary: A Guide to Key Terms in the Handbook Index