Roel Meijer is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at Radboud University, Nijmegen. He is a historian and has edited numerous volumes, including Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement (2009), The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe (2012), and (with Nils A. Butenschøn) The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World (2017) and The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship (2018). James N. Sater is Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations at the University of Malta. He is the author of Morocco: Challenges to Tradition and Modernity (Routledge 2010/16) and Civil Society and Political Change in Morocco (Routledge 2007). He has worked on sectarianism, citizenship, electoral politics, gender, marginalisation and migration with a focus on North Africa and Arab Gulf monarchies.Zahra R. Babar is Associate Director at CIRS at Georgetown University in Qatar. She has published several articles on citizenship, including "Enduring ‘Contested’ Citizenship in the Gulf Cooperation Council" in The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship (2018); "The ‘Enemy Within’: Citizenship-Stripping in the Post-Arab Spring GCC" in Middle East Journal (2017); and "The Cost of Belonging: Citizenship Construction in the State of Qatar" in Middle East Journal (2014). She served as editor for a special issue of the Middle East Journal titled "Citizenship" (2019).

• Preface Nils Butenschøn SECTION 1. EMERGENCE OF MODERN CITIZENSHIP 1. Peace to those of Faith: Political Affiliation and Belonging in Classical Islamic Thought Omar Farahat 2. The Ottoman Citizen between Millet and Nation Bruce Masters 3. Citizenship and Nationality in the French Colonial MaghrebJessica M. Marglin 4. Revolutionary Citizenship at the End of Empire Michelle U. Campos 5. Colonial citizenship? Producing Sectarianism in the Interwar Middle East Laura Robson 6. Citizenship and the Transition from Colonial to Authoritarian Pact in the Maghreb and Mashreq Roel Meijer SECTION 2. FORMATION OF CITIZENSHIP FROM ABOVE 7. Between Claims, Residence and Recognition: the Conceptual Unity of Jinsiyyah and Muwatanah Paul M. Esber 8. Muwatana, Exclusion and Politics of Belonging in Modernizing Monarchies: the Cases of Kuwait and Morocco/Western SaharaJames N. Sater 9. Constitutions and Citizens: Rights in Law and Practice in Jordan and the Arab World Nathan Brown and Lillian Frost 10. The Egyptian Middle Class and the Nasserist Social Pact Relli Shechter 11. The Islamic Republic and Citizenship in Post-1979 Iran Shirin Saeidi 12. The Islamic State’s Construction of Citizenship Mathilde Becker Aarseth SECTION 3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND FORMATION OF CITIZENSHIP FROM BELOW 13. The Communist Movement and Citizenship in the Arab World Manfred Sing 14. New Islamist Movements and Concepts of Citizenship Emin Poljarevic 15. Striking for Rights? Workers’ Political Agency and Revolutionary Crisis in the Middle East Anne Alexander 16. The Politics of the Poor in the Middle East and North Africa: Between Contestation and Accommodation Cilja Harders 17. Human Rights Movements and Citizenship in the Middle East Fateh Azzam 18. The Ambiguity of Citizenship and the Quest for Rights in Morocco Driss Maghraoui SECTION 4. MECHANISM OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION 19. Domestication or Transformation? Modern Amazigh Identity in the Shadow of the Authoritarian State Bruce Maddy-Weitzman 20. The Struggle for Kurdish Citizenship Michael Gunter 21. Supremacy Unleashed: the Ongoing Erosion of Palestinian Citizenship in Israel Shira Robinson 22. Patriarchal Nationality Laws and Citizenship Rania Maktabi 23. Why his Photograph Was not Taken: Reconsidering Membership in Lebanon Nadia Sonneveld and Joseph Alagha 24. Trafficking in (non) Citizenship in Kuwait and the UAE Zahra Albarazi and Yuona Kusmova 25. The Christians of the Middle East: from Arab Christians to Marginalized Minorities Heleen Murre-van den Berg 26. Citizenship and Political Participation in Post Qaddafi Libya: The Long and Winding Road to a New Social Contract Suliman Ibrahim SECTION 5. MIGRATION AND REGULATION OF CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY 27. Political Participation and the Middle East Migration State Gerasimos Tsourapos 28. Economic Migrants and Citizenship in the GCC Zahra R. Babar 29. The Middle East and North Africa and the Global Trend towards Multiple Citizenship Claire Beaugrand 30. Migration and Citizenship in Modern Turkey Rusen Yasar 31. Subjecthood and Citizenship in the Diaspora: Libyan and Syrian Voice before and after the Arab Spring Dana Moss 32. Tunisian Migration to the EU: A Tale of Asymmetry Françoise De Bel Air

Roel Meijer is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at Radboud University, Nijmegen. He is a historian and has edited numerous volumes, including Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement (2009), The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe (2012), and (with Nils A. Butenschøn) The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World (2017) and The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship (2018). James N. Sater is Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations at the University of Malta. He is the author of Morocco: Challenges to Tradition and Modernity (Routledge 2010/16) and Civil Society and Political Change in Morocco (Routledge 2007). He has worked on sectarianism, citizenship, electoral politics, gender, marginalisation and migration with a focus on North Africa and Arab Gulf monarchies.Zahra R. Babar is Associate Director at CIRS at Georgetown University in Qatar. She has published several articles on citizenship, including "Enduring ‘Contested’ Citizenship in the Gulf Cooperation Council" in The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship (2018); "The ‘Enemy Within’: Citizenship-Stripping in the Post-Arab Spring GCC" in Middle East Journal (2017); and "The Cost of Belonging: Citizenship Construction in the State of Qatar" in Middle East Journal (2014). She served as editor for a special issue of the Middle East Journal titled "Citizenship" (2019).

• Preface Nils Butenschøn SECTION 1. EMERGENCE OF MODERN CITIZENSHIP 1. Peace to those of Faith: Political Affiliation and Belonging in Classical Islamic Thought Omar Farahat 2. The Ottoman Citizen between Millet and Nation Bruce Masters 3. Citizenship and Nationality in the French Colonial MaghrebJessica M. Marglin 4. Revolutionary Citizenship at the End of Empire Michelle U. Campos 5. Colonial citizenship? Producing Sectarianism in the Interwar Middle East Laura Robson 6. Citizenship and the Transition from Colonial to Authoritarian Pact in the Maghreb and Mashreq Roel Meijer SECTION 2. FORMATION OF CITIZENSHIP FROM ABOVE 7. Between Claims, Residence and Recognition: the Conceptual Unity of Jinsiyyah and Muwatanah Paul M. Esber 8. Muwatana, Exclusion and Politics of Belonging in Modernizing Monarchies: the Cases of Kuwait and Morocco/Western SaharaJames N. Sater 9. Constitutions and Citizens: Rights in Law and Practice in Jordan and the Arab World Nathan Brown and Lillian Frost 10. The Egyptian Middle Class and the Nasserist Social Pact Relli Shechter 11. The Islamic Republic and Citizenship in Post-1979 Iran Shirin Saeidi 12. The Islamic State’s Construction of Citizenship Mathilde Becker Aarseth SECTION 3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND FORMATION OF CITIZENSHIP FROM BELOW 13. The Communist Movement and Citizenship in the Arab World Manfred Sing 14. New Islamist Movements and Concepts of Citizenship Emin Poljarevic 15. Striking for Rights? Workers’ Political Agency and Revolutionary Crisis in the Middle East Anne Alexander 16. The Politics of the Poor in the Middle East and North Africa: Between Contestation and Accommodation Cilja Harders 17. Human Rights Movements and Citizenship in the Middle East Fateh Azzam 18. The Ambiguity of Citizenship and the Quest for Rights in Morocco Driss Maghraoui SECTION 4. MECHANISM OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION 19. Domestication or Transformation? Modern Amazigh Identity in the Shadow of the Authoritarian State Bruce Maddy-Weitzman 20. The Struggle for Kurdish Citizenship Michael Gunter 21. Supremacy Unleashed: the Ongoing Erosion of Palestinian Citizenship in Israel Shira Robinson 22. Patriarchal Nationality Laws and Citizenship Rania Maktabi 23. Why his Photograph Was not Taken: Reconsidering Membership in Lebanon Nadia Sonneveld and Joseph Alagha 24. Trafficking in (non) Citizenship in Kuwait and the UAE Zahra Albarazi and Yuona Kusmova 25. The Christians of the Middle East: from Arab Christians to Marginalized Minorities Heleen Murre-van den Berg 26. Citizenship and Political Participation in Post Qaddafi Libya: The Long and Winding Road to a New Social Contract Suliman Ibrahim SECTION 5. MIGRATION AND REGULATION OF CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY 27. Political Participation and the Middle East Migration State Gerasimos Tsourapos 28. Economic Migrants and Citizenship in the GCC Zahra R. Babar 29. The Middle East and North Africa and the Global Trend towards Multiple Citizenship Claire Beaugrand 30. Migration and Citizenship in Modern Turkey Rusen Yasar 31. Subjecthood and Citizenship in the Diaspora: Libyan and Syrian Voice before and after the Arab Spring Dana Moss 32. Tunisian Migration to the EU: A Tale of Asymmetry Françoise De Bel Air

Roel Meijer is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at Radboud University, Nijmegen. He is a historian and has edited numerous volumes, including Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement (2009), The Muslim Brotherhood in Europe (2012), and (with Nils A. Butenschøn) The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World (2017) and The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship (2018). James N. Sater is Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations at the University of Malta. He is the author of Morocco: Challenges to Tradition and Modernity (Routledge 2010/16) and Civil Society and Political Change in Morocco (Routledge 2007). He has worked on sectarianism, citizenship, electoral politics, gender, marginalisation and migration with a focus on North Africa and Arab Gulf monarchies.Zahra R. Babar is Associate Director at CIRS at Georgetown University in Qatar. She has published several articles on citizenship, including "Enduring ‘Contested’ Citizenship in the Gulf Cooperation Council" in The Middle East in Transition: The Centrality of Citizenship (2018); "The ‘Enemy Within’: Citizenship-Stripping in the Post-Arab Spring GCC" in Middle East Journal (2017); and "The Cost of Belonging: Citizenship Construction in the State of Qatar" in Middle East Journal (2014). She served as editor for a special issue of the Middle East Journal titled "Citizenship" (2019).

• Preface Nils Butenschøn SECTION 1. EMERGENCE OF MODERN CITIZENSHIP 1. Peace to those of Faith: Political Affiliation and Belonging in Classical Islamic Thought Omar Farahat 2. The Ottoman Citizen between Millet and Nation Bruce Masters 3. Citizenship and Nationality in the French Colonial MaghrebJessica M. Marglin 4. Revolutionary Citizenship at the End of Empire Michelle U. Campos 5. Colonial citizenship? Producing Sectarianism in the Interwar Middle East Laura Robson 6. Citizenship and the Transition from Colonial to Authoritarian Pact in the Maghreb and Mashreq Roel Meijer SECTION 2. FORMATION OF CITIZENSHIP FROM ABOVE 7. Between Claims, Residence and Recognition: the Conceptual Unity of Jinsiyyah and Muwatanah Paul M. Esber 8. Muwatana, Exclusion and Politics of Belonging in Modernizing Monarchies: the Cases of Kuwait and Morocco/Western SaharaJames N. Sater 9. Constitutions and Citizens: Rights in Law and Practice in Jordan and the Arab World Nathan Brown and Lillian Frost 10. The Egyptian Middle Class and the Nasserist Social Pact Relli Shechter 11. The Islamic Republic and Citizenship in Post-1979 Iran Shirin Saeidi 12. The Islamic State’s Construction of Citizenship Mathilde Becker Aarseth SECTION 3. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND FORMATION OF CITIZENSHIP FROM BELOW 13. The Communist Movement and Citizenship in the Arab World Manfred Sing 14. New Islamist Movements and Concepts of Citizenship Emin Poljarevic 15. Striking for Rights? Workers’ Political Agency and Revolutionary Crisis in the Middle East Anne Alexander 16. The Politics of the Poor in the Middle East and North Africa: Between Contestation and Accommodation Cilja Harders 17. Human Rights Movements and Citizenship in the Middle East Fateh Azzam 18. The Ambiguity of Citizenship and the Quest for Rights in Morocco Driss Maghraoui SECTION 4. MECHANISM OF INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION 19. Domestication or Transformation? Modern Amazigh Identity in the Shadow of the Authoritarian State Bruce Maddy-Weitzman 20. The Struggle for Kurdish Citizenship Michael Gunter 21. Supremacy Unleashed: the Ongoing Erosion of Palestinian Citizenship in Israel Shira Robinson 22. Patriarchal Nationality Laws and Citizenship Rania Maktabi 23. Why his Photograph Was not Taken: Reconsidering Membership in Lebanon Nadia Sonneveld and Joseph Alagha 24. Trafficking in (non) Citizenship in Kuwait and the UAE Zahra Albarazi and Yuona Kusmova 25. The Christians of the Middle East: from Arab Christians to Marginalized Minorities Heleen Murre-van den Berg 26. Citizenship and Political Participation in Post Qaddafi Libya: The Long and Winding Road to a New Social Contract Suliman Ibrahim SECTION 5. MIGRATION AND REGULATION OF CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY 27. Political Participation and the Middle East Migration State Gerasimos Tsourapos 28. Economic Migrants and Citizenship in the GCC Zahra R. Babar 29. The Middle East and North Africa and the Global Trend towards Multiple Citizenship Claire Beaugrand 30. Migration and Citizenship in Modern Turkey Rusen Yasar 31. Subjecthood and Citizenship in the Diaspora: Libyan and Syrian Voice before and after the Arab Spring Dana Moss 32. Tunisian Migration to the EU: A Tale of Asymmetry Françoise De Bel Air