Root-knot Nematodes

Professor Roland Perry is based at the University of Hertfordshire, UK. He graduated with a BSc (Hons) in Zoology from Newcastle University, UK, where he also obtained a PhD in Zoology on physiological aspects of desiccation survival of Ditylenchus spp. After a year's post doctoral research at Newcastle, he moved to Keele University, UK, where he taught Parasitology; after 3 years at Keele, he was appointed to Rothamsted Experimental Station (now Rothamsted Research). His research interests centred primarily on plant-parasitic nematodes, especially focusing on nematode hatching, sensory perception, behaviour and survival physiology, and several of his past PhD and post-doctoral students are currently involved in nematology research. He remained at Rothamsted until 2014, when he moved to the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire. He co-edited The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-living and Plant-parasitic Nematodes (1998), Root-knot Nematodes (2009), Molecular and Physiological Basis of Nematode Survival (2011), the first (2006) and second (2013) editions of the text book, Plant Nematology and Cyst Nematodes (2018) (all CAB International, UK). He is author or co-author of over 40 book chapters and refereed reviews and over 120 refereed research papers. He is joint Editor-in-Chief of Nematology and Chief Editor of the Russian Journal of Nematology. He is joint Editor of the book series Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. In 2001, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) in recognition of his research achievements; in 2008 he was elected Fellow of the European Society of Nematologists for outstanding contribution to the science of Nematology; and in 2011 he was elected Honorary Member of the Russian Society of Nematologists. He is a Visiting Professor at Ghent University, Belgium, where he lectures on nematode biology, focusing on physiology and behaviour. - Maurice Moens Professor Maurice Moens is Honorary Director of Research at the Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) at Merelbeke, Belgium and honorary professor at Ghent University, Belgium where he gave a lecture course on Agro-nematology at the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering. He is a past-director of the Post Graduate International Nematology Course (MSc Nematology) and coordinator of the Erasmus Mundus - European Master of Science in Nematology, where he gave five lecture courses on Plant Nematology. The MSc course is organised in the Faculty of Sciences of Ghent University. He graduated as an agricultural engineer from Ghent University and obtained a PhD at the same University on the spread of plant-parasitic nematodes and their management in hydroponic cropping systems. Within the framework of the Belgian Cooperation, he worked from 1972 to 1985 as a researcher in crop protection, including nematology, at two research stations in Tunisia. Upon his return to Belgium, he was appointed as senior nematologist at the Agricultural Research Centre (now ILVO). There, he expanded the research in plant nematology over various areas covering molecular characterization, biology of host-parasite relationships, biological control, resistance and other forms of non-chemical control. He was appointed head of the Crop Protection Department in 2000 and became Director of Research in 2006. He retired from both ILVO and Ghent University in 2012 but continued to supervise PhD students until 2017. In 2001, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) for outstanding contributions to Nematology; in the same year he was elected Fellow of the European Society of Nematologists for outstanding contribution to the science of Nematology. In 2012 he was elected Honorary Fellow of the Chinese Society for Plant Nematology, and in 2013 he became Honorary Member of the Russian Society of Nematologists. He supervised 27 PhD students, who are active in nematology all over the world. He is past-president of the European Society of Nematologists (2010-2014). He co-edited Root-knot Nematodes (2009) and the first (2006) and second (2013) editions of the text book, Plant Nematology. He is author or co-author of ten book chapters and refereed reviews and over 150 refereed research papers. He is a member of the editorial board of the Russian Journal of Nematology. Professor James Starr is a professor in the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at Texas A&M University, USA. He obtained a B.S. and a M.S. in Plant Pathology from Cornell University and a PhD in Plant Pathology from Cornell University. After completing his PhD, he moved to North Carolina State University, where he was successively Research Associate in the Department of Plant Pathology and Chief of the Nematode Advisory Section. He moved to Texas A&M University in 1981 where his main research interests are identification, characterization and deployment of resistance to nematodes in important crop species. In 2003 he was elected Fellow of the Society of Nematologists (USA) in recognition of his research achievements and, in 2006, he was elected Fellow of the American Phytopathological Society. He served as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Nematology (2003-2006) and was President of the Society of Nematologists (1996-1997). He has published over 80 refereed scientific papers, overseen the release of five germplasm lines and two cultivars resistant to nematodes, and co-edited two books, Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes (2002) and Plant Nematodes of Agricultural Importance (2007).

• 1: Meloidogyne species - A Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites - Maurice Moens, Roland N. Perry and James L. Starr 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Impact 1.3: History of the Genus 1.4: Current Trends in Species Identification 1.5: Life Cycle 1.6: Diversity in Biology 1.7: Major and Emerging Species 1.8: Interactions with other Plant Pathogens 1.9: Management and Control 1.10: Conclusions and Future Directions 2: General Morphology - Jonathan D. Eisenback and David J. Hunt 2.1: General Morphology 2.2: Body Wall 2.3: Nervous System 2.4: Digestive System 2.5: Secretory-Excretory System 2.6: Reproductive System 2.7: Morphological Methods 2.8: Minimum Standards for Describing a New Species 2.9: References 3: Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species - David J. Hunt and Zafar A. Handoo 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Systematic Position 3.3: Subfamily and Genus Diagnosis 3.4: List of Species and Synonyms 3.5: Identification 3.6: Principal Species 3.7: Conclusions and Future Directions 3.8: Acknowledgements 3.9: References 4: Biochemical and Molecular Identification - Vivian C. Blok and Thomas O. Powers 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Biochemical Methods 4.3: DNA-based Methods 4.4: Conclusions and Future Directions 4.5: Acknowledgements 4.6: References 5: Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Byron Adams, Adler R. Dillman and Camille Finlinson 5.1: Introduction 5.2: History of Reconstructing Meloidogyne History 5.3: Molecular Phylogenetics: Genetic Markers and Evolutionary Relationships 5.4: A Meloidogyne Supertree Analysis 5.5: Conclusions and Future Prospects 5.6: References 6: Hatch and Host Location - Rosane H.C. Curtis, A. Forest Robinson and Roland N. Perry 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Hatching 6.3: Movement Through Soil 6.4: Host Location 6.5: Nematode Changes and Responses at the Root-Soil Interface 6.6: Conclusions and Future Directions 6.7: References 7: Invasion, Feeding and Development - Pierre Abad, Philippe Castagnone-Sereno, Marie-Noëlle Rosso, Janice de Almeida Engler and Bruno Favery 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Root-knot Nematode Life Cycle 7.3: Nematode Parasitism 7.4: Compatible Interactions with Resistant Plants: The Case of Virulent Root-knotNematodes 7.5: (A)virulence Determinants and Pathogenicity Factors: Root-knot Nematode Effectors with Dual Function? 7.6: Tools for Molecular and Functional Analysis of Root-knot Nematode Parasitism 7.7: Giant Cell Development 7.8: Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Cycle Progression during Giant Cell Ontogenesis 7.9: Extensive Cell Wall Modifications to build up Giant Cells 7.10: Suppression of Plant Defence Associated with Giant Cell Development 7.11: Major Reprogramming of Plant Metabolism and Transport 7.12: Comparison between Meloidogyne Parasitism and Symbiotic Rhizobia in Medicago 7.13: Conclusions and Future Directions 7.14: Acknowledgements 7.15: References 8: Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry - David Chitwood and Roland N. Perry 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Reproduction and Moulting 8.3: Physiology 8.4: Biochemistry 8.5: Sensory Perception and Neurotransmission 8.6: Conclusions and Future Directions 8.7: References 9: Survival Strategies - Adrian A.F. Evans and Roland N. Perry 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Dormancy, Diapause and Quiescence 9.3: Embryonation and the Egg Mass Environment 9.4: Temperature effects on development of eggs and infective stages 9.5: The Effect of Osmotic Stress on Infective Stages in Soil 9.6: Survival Mechanisms Deployed: Life History Strategies in Meloidogyne species 9.7: Conclusions and Future Directions 9.8: References 10: Interactions with Other Pathogens - Rosa H. Manzanilla-López and James L. Starr 10.1: Introduction 10.2: Interactions with Microbial Pathogens 10.3: Interactions with Other Plant-parasitic Nematodes 10.4: Basis for Interactions 10.5: Conclusions and Future Directions 10.6: References 11: Population Dynamics and Damage Levels - Nicola Greco and Mauro Di Vito 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Patterns of Population Dynamics 11.3: Factors Affecting Population Dynamics 11.4: Modelling Population Dynamics 11.5: Damage Levels 11.6: Pattern of Nematode Damage to Crop Plants 11.7: Factors Affecting Nematode Damage 11.8: Modelling Damage Levels 11.9: Implementing Experiments to Assess Nematode Dynamics and Crop Damage 11.10: Yield Loss Assessment 11.11: Importance of Information on Nematode Damage Levels and Dynamics inManagement Strategies 11.12: Conclusions and Future Directions 11.13: Acknowledgements 11.14: References 12: Distribution Patterns and Sampling - Larry W. Duncan and Mark S. Phillips 12.1: Introduction 12.2: Nematode Spatial Patterns 12.3: Characterizing Sample Accuracy and Reliability 12.4: Sample Processing 12.5: Extracting Nematodes from Soil 12.6: Extracting Nematodes from Plant Material 12.7: Root Gall Indices 12.8: Other Plant Symptoms 12.9: Research to Optimize Sampling Programmes for Root-knot Nematodes 12.10: Examples of Results from Sampling Programmes 12.11: Conclusions and Future Directions 12.12: References 13: Mechanisms and Genetics of Resistance - Valerie M. Williamson and Philip A. Roberts 13.1: Introduction 13.2: Sources and Inheritance of Root-knot Nematode Resistance 13.3: Mechanisms of Resistance to Pathogens in Plants 13.4: Structure and Function of the Nematode Resistance Gene Mi-1 13.5: What is known about other Nematode R Genes 13.6: Nematode Virulence and Durability of Resistance 13.7: Management of Resistance and Virulence in the Field 13.8: Conclusions and Future Directions 13.9: References 14: Development of Resistant Varieties - James L. Starr and Chris F. Mercer 14.1: Introduction - the Plus Side 14.2: Introduction - a Look at the Other Side 14.3: Successful Use of Resistance - Room for Wider Deployment 14.4: Planning a Resistance-breeding Programme 14.5: Screening Methods Including Marker-assisted Selection 14.6: Quality of Candidate Resistant Material 14.7: Engineered Resistance 14.8: Conclusions and Future Directions 14.9: References 15: Plant Biotechnology and Control - Howard J. Atkinson, Peter E. Urwin and Richard S. Hussey 15.1: Introduction 15.2: Proteinase Inhibitors 15.3: Cry Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis as Biopesticides 15.4: In planta RNAi to Target Plant-parasitic Nematodes 15.5: Repellents 15.6: The Mi-1-mediated Resistance Response 15.7: Efficacy and Durability 15.8: Promoters for Transgenic Control of Meloidogyne 15.9: Biosafety 15.10: Developing World Needs 15.11: Conclusions and Future Directions 15.12: References 16: The Complete Sequence of the Genomes of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla - Pierre Abad and Charles H. Opperman1 Meloidogyne species - A Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites - Maurice Moens, Roland N. Perry and James L. Starr 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Impact 1.3: History of the Genus 1.4: Current Trends in Species Identification 1.5: Life Cycle 1.6: Diversity in Biology 1.7: Major and Emerging Species 1.8: Interactions with other Plant Pathogens 1.9: Management and Control 1.10: Conclusions and Future Directions 2: General Morphology - Jonathan D. Eisenback and David J. Hunt 2.1: General Morphology 2.2: Body Wall 2.3: Nervous System 2.4: Digestive System 2.5: Secretory-Excretory System 2.6: Reproductive System 2.7: Morphological Methods 2.8: Minimum Standards for Describing a New Species 2.9: References 3: Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species - David J. Hunt and Zafar A. Handoo 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Systematic Position 3.3: Subfamily and Genus Diagnosis 3.4: List of Species and Synonyms 3.5: Identification 3.6: Principal Species 3.7: Conclusions and Future Directions 3.8: Acknowledgements 3.9: References 4: Biochemical and Molecular Identification - Vivian C. Blok and Thomas O. Powers 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Biochemical Methods 4.3: DNA-based Methods 4.4: Conclusions and Future Directions 4.5: Acknowledgements 4.6: References 5: Molecular Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Byron Adams, Adler R. Dillman and Camille Finlinson 5.1: Introduction 5.2: History of Reconstructing Meloidogyne History 5.3: Molecular Phylogenetics: Genetic Markers and Evolutionary Relationships 5.4: A Meloidogyne Supertree Analysis 5.5: Conclusions and Future Prospects 5.6: References 6: Hatch and Host Location - Rosane H.C. Curtis, A. Forest Robinson and Roland N. Perry 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Hatching 6.3: Movement Through Soil 6.4: Host Location 6.5: Nematode Changes and Responses at the Root-Soil Interface 6.6: Conclusions and Future Directions 6.7: References 7: Invasion, Feeding and Development - Pierre Abad, Philippe Castagnone-Sereno, Marie-Noëlle Rosso, Janice de Almeida Engler and Bruno Favery 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Root-knot Nematode Life Cycle 7.3: Nematode Parasitism 7.4: Compatible Interactions with Resistant Plants: The Case of Virulent Root-knotNematodes 7.5: (A)virulence Determinants and Pathogenicity Factors: Root-knot Nematode Effectors with Dual Function? 7.6: Tools for Molecular and Functional Analysis of Root-knot Nematode Parasitism 7.7: Giant Cell Development 7.8: Cytoskeleton Organization and Cell Cycle Progression during Giant Cell Ontogenesis 7.9: Extensive Cell Wall Modifications to build up Giant Cells 7.10: Suppression of Plant Defence Associated with Giant Cell Development 7.11: Major Reprogramming of Plant Metabolism and Transport 7.12: Comparison between Meloidogyne Parasitism and Symbiotic Rhizobia in Medicago 7.13: Conclusions and Future Directions 7.14: Acknowledgements 7.15: References 8: Reproduction, Physiology and Biochemistry - David Chitwood and Roland N. Perry 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Reproduction and Moulting 8.3: Physiology 8.4: Biochemistry 8.5: Sensory Perception and Neurotransmission 8.6: Conclusions and Future Directions 8.7: References 9: Survival Strategies - Adrian A.F. Evans and Roland N. Perry 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Dormancy, Diapause and Quiescence 9.3: Embryonation and the Egg Mass Environment 9.4: Temperature effects on development of eggs and infective stages 9.5: The Effect of Osmotic Stress on Infective Stages in Soil 9.6: Survival Mechanisms Deployed: Life History Strategies in Meloidogyne species 9.7: Conclusions and Future Directions 9.8: References 10: Interactions with Other Pathogens - Rosa H. Manzanilla-López and James L. Starr 10.1: Introduction 10.2: Interactions with Microbial Pathogens 10.3: Interactions with Other Plant-parasitic Nematodes 10.4: Basis for Interactions 10.5: Conclusions and Future Directions 10.6: References 11: Population Dynamics and Damage Levels - Nicola Greco and Mauro Di Vito 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Patterns of Population Dynamics 11.3: Factors Affecting Population Dynamics 11.4: Modelling Population Dynamics 11.5: Damage Levels 11.6: Pattern of Nematode Damage to Crop Plants 11.7: Factors Affecting Nematode Damage 11.8: Modelling Damage Levels 11.9: Implementing Experiments to Assess Nematode Dynamics and Crop Damage 11.10: Yield Loss Assessment 11.11: Importance of Information on Nematode Damage Levels and Dynamics inManagement Strategies 11.12: Conclusions and Future Directions 11.13: Acknowledgements 11.14: References 12: Distribution Patterns and Sampling - Larry W. Duncan and Mark S. Phillips 12.1: Introduction 12.2: Nematode Spatial Patterns 12.3: Characterizing Sample Accuracy and Reliability 12.4: Sample Processing 12.5: Extracting Nematodes from Soil 12.6: Extracting Nematodes from Plant Material 12.7: Root Gall Indices 12.8: Other Plant Symptoms 12.9: Research to Optimize Sampling Programmes for Root-knot Nematodes 12.10: Examples of Results from Sampling Programmes 12.11: Conclusions and Future Directions 12.12: References 13: Mechanisms and Genetics of Resistance - Valerie M. Williamson and Philip A. Roberts 13.1: Introduction 13.2: Sources and Inheritance of Root-knot Nematode Resistance 13.3: Mechanisms of Resistance to Pathogens in Plants 13.4: Structure and Function of the Nematode Resistance Gene Mi-1 13.5: What is known about other Nematode R Genes 13.6: Nematode Virulence and Durability of Resistance 13.7: Management of Resistance and Virulence in the Field 13.8: Conclusions and Future Directions 13.9: References 14: Development of Resistant Varieties - James L. Starr and Chris F. Mercer 14.1: Introduction - the Plus Side 14.2: Introduction - a Look at the Other Side 14.3: Successful Use of Resistance - Room for Wider Deployment 14.4: Planning a Resistance-breeding Programme 14.5: Screening Methods Including Marker-assisted Selection 14.6: Quality of Candidate Resistant Material 14.7: Engineered Resistance 14.8: Conclusions and Future Directions 14.9: References 15: Plant Biotechnology and Control - Howard J. Atkinson, Peter E. Urwin and Richard S. Hussey 15.1: Introduction 15.2: Proteinase Inhibitors 15.3: Cry Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis as Biopesticides 15.4: In planta RNAi to Target Plant-parasitic Nematodes 15.5: Repellents 15.6: The Mi-1-mediated Resistance Response 15.7: Efficacy and Durability 15.8: Promoters for Transgenic Control of Meloidogyne 15.9: Biosafety 15.10: Developing World Needs 15.11: Conclusions and Future Directions 15.12: References 16: The Complete Sequence of the Genomes of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla Pierre Abad and Charles H. Opperman 16.1: Introduction 16.2: Meloidogyne incognita Genome 16.3: Meloidogyne hapla Genome 16.4: Conclusions and Future Directions 16.5: Acknowledgements 16.6: References 17: Biological Control through Microbial Pathogens, Endophytes and Antagonists - Johannes Hallmann, Keith G. Davies and Richard Sikora 17.1: Introduction 17.2: Bacterial Pathogens and Antagonists 17.3: Fungal Pathogens and Antagonists 17.4: Commercialisation and Future Directions 17.5: References 18: Current and Future Management Strategies in Intensive Crop Production Systems - Andrew P. Nyczepir and Stephen H. Thomas 18.1: Introduction 18.2: Current Control Practices 18.3: Current Management Practices 18.4: Future Opportunities and Challenges 18.5: Conclusions and Future Directions 18.6: References 19: Current and Future Management Strategies in Resource-Poor Farming - Danny L. Coyne, Driekie H. Fourie and Maurice Moens 19.1: Introduction and Definitions 19.2: Options 19.3: Correct Diagnosis 19.4: Prevention 19.5: Cultural Control 19.6: Cropping Systems 19.7: Resistance 19.8: Biological Control 19.9: Chemical Control 19.10: Conclusions and Future Directions 19.11: References