Rise and Fall of Rational Control

A renowned scholar traces the evolution of modern political philosophy.Based on Harvey C. Mansfield’s legendary Harvard course, The Rise and Fall of Rational Control is a bold interpretation of centuries of intellectual revolutions and an elucidating reflection on liberalism, its eclipse, and the possibility of renewal.Mansfield locates the birth of modern political philosophy in the work of Niccolò Machiavelli, the first to assert that the objective of politics is not to achieve wishful ideals of justice or virtue—but to manipulate the brute facts of the world in service of interests. Here rational control is the key to achieving the modern order, which can liberate humans from slavery and conflict. Hobbes and Locke later develop Machiavelli’s modern idea, laying foundations for liberalism. Then comes the first crisis in the form of Rousseau, who introduces historical change into the very idea of reason, which itself is said to evolve. After Rousseau, history takes center stage, as witnessed in Kant, Marx, and Hegel. The second crisis of modernity arrives with Nietzsche, who casts doubt on reason itself. Ever since, political thought has been stranded in the desert of postmodernism, where Machiavelli’s necessities are replaced by faded subjectivity.