Rhizomes

Hansjörg Krähmer, Past President of the European Weed Research Society and currently based at Bayer AG, Frankfurt, Germany. Dr. Krähmer is a known scientist studying weed plants, crop science, and vegetative anatomy and morphology. Linnea Hesse, Professor, Wood Sciences and Biomimetics, Institute of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Germany.

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xiPart I Introduction 11 Introduction 31.1 The Role of Rhizomes in Agriculture and Pharmacology 31.2 Characterization of Rhizomes in Literature 31.3 Rhizome Anatomy 41.4 Genomics of Rhizomes 62 Evolution of Rhizomes and Their Distinction from Similar Plant Organs 112.1 Rhizomes of Early Vascular Plants 112.2 Rhizomes as Characteristic Attributes of Different Plant Growth Forms 112.3 Glossary and Distinction of Rhizomes from Similar Plant Features 122.4 Glossary of Terms for Characteristic Rhizome and Stem Features 16Part II Rhizomes of Lycopodiopsida and Polypodiopsida 193 Diversity in Rhizomes of Lycopodiopsida and Polypodiopsida 213.1 Lycopodiopsida (Lycophytes) 213.2 Polypodiopsida (Ferns) 303.3 Summarizing View on Lycophyte and Fern Rhizomes 53Part III Monocot Rhizomes 574 Morphological Diversity in Monocot Rhizomes 595 Histological Characterization of Monocot Rhizomes 635.1 Anatomy of Monocot Rhizomes – Tissues and Organs 635.2 Typology of Monocot Rhizomes 795.3 The Stele of Monocot Rhizomes 886 Nodes of Monocot Rhizomes 937 Monocot Rhizome Development and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression 998 Selected, Groupwise Description of Rhizomes 1038.1 Alismatales1038.2 Dioscoreales 1168.3 Liliales 1208.4 Asparagales 1228.5 Zingiberales 1488.6 Poales 1608.7 Arecales 1969 Summarizing View on Monocot Rhizomes 2039.1 Stolons Versus Tubers 2069.2 Collateral Versus Amphivasal Vascular Bundles 2069.3 Xylem Lacunas 2069.4 Borders Between Cortex and Central Vascular Bundle Cylinder 2069.5 Thickening Meristems 2069.6 Pseudostems 206Part IV Eudicot, ANA Grade and Magnoliid Rhizomes 20910 Morphological Diversity in Eudicot Rhizomes 21110.1 Stem-borne Rhizomes 21110.2 Root-borne Rhizomes 21111 Histological Characterization of Eudicot Rhizomes 21711.1 Anatomy of Eudicot Tissues and Organs 21711.2 Typology of Eudicot, ANA Grade and Magnoliid Rhizomes 22511.3 The Stele of Eudicot, ANA Grade and Magnoliid Rhizomes 22712 Nodes of Eudicot Rhizomes 22913 Eudicot, ANA Grade and Magnoliid Rhizome Development and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression 23313.1 Timing and Location of Rhizome Formation 23313.2 Molecular Genetics of Rhizome and Rhizome Tuber Formation 24614 Selected, Groupwise Description of Eudicot Rhizomes 24914.1 Ranunculales 24914.2 Proteales 25814.3 Buxales 26014.4 Rosales 26214.5 Oxalidales 26614.6 Malpighiales 27014.7 Geraniales 27214.8 Myrtales 27514.9 Brassicales 28114.10 Saxifragales 28414.11 Caryophyllales 28614.12 Ericales 29314.13 Asterales 30114.14 Apiales 31314.15 Solanales 31614.16 Lamiales 32014.17 Boraginales 32915 Selected, Groupwise Description of Magnoliid and ANA Grade Rhizomes 33315.1 Piperales 33315.2 Nymphaeales 34016 Summarizing View on Eudicot, ANA Grade and Magnoliid Rhizomes 363Part V Ecological and Commercial Importance of Rhizomes 36717 Agricultural Crops with Rhizomes 36918 Rhizomatous Weeds 37319 Clone Formation in Rhizomatous Plants 377Part VI Comparative Synopsis of Rhizome Characteristics 37920 Differences Between Rhizomes of Different Tracheophyta 38121 Phylogenetic Relevance of Rhizome Characters 38321.1 Shoot-Borne Roots as Common Characteristics of Tracheophyte Rhizomes in General 38321.2 Relationship Between Eudicots and Monocots 38321.3 Adventitious/Shoot-Borne Roots in Monocots and Eudicots 384Part VII Final Discussion and Conclusions 39322 Final Discussion, Conclusions and Outlook 39522.1 Differences and Common Features of Tracheophyte Rhizomes 39522.2 Borders Between Rhizome Cortex and Central Bundle Cylinder 39522.3 Terminology of Functionally Similar Structures in Different Plant Organs 39622.4 The Development of Rhizomes 39922.5 What is the Difference Between a Rhizome and a Root? 399References 399Index 401