R. Keith Schoppa is Professor Emeritus at Loyola University Maryland in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. From 1998 to 2014, he served as the Doehler Chair in Asian History. His research focused on the political, social, and cultural history of the first half of the twentieth century. His major research works include Chinese Elites and Political Change (1982); Xiang Lake—Nine Centuries of Chinese Life (1989); Blood Road (1995), for which he won the Association for Asian Studies Levenson Award; and In a Sea of Bitterness (2011).

• List of Figures List of Maps Preface Notes on Pronunciation Part 1 From the Heights to the Depths: Challenges to Traditional Chinese Identities, 1780–1901 1 Identities 2 Chinese, Manchus, and Others 3 The Opium War and the Treaty System: Challenges to Chinese Identity 4 An Age of Rebellion: Defiance of and Commitments to Traditional Chinese Identities 5 Crises and Choices 6 The Devastating Nineties: Destroying Traditional Identities Part 2 "No Checking the Tides of Change": Reconstructing Social, Cultural, and Political Identity, 1901–1928 7 Revolutionaries: Manchu and Anti-Manchu 8 Selecting Identities: The Early Republic 9 Constructing a New Cultural Identity: The May Fourth Movement 10 Drawing the Sword of Opposition: Identity Increasingly Politicized Part 3 Revolution and Identity: Social Revolution and the Power of Tradition, 1928–1960 11 Revolution in Retreat: The Nanjing Decade 12 Revolution Reborn: The Communists in the 1930s 13 A Rising Clash of National Identities: China and Japan, The 1920s and 1930s 14 The Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1945 15 Toward Daybreak: Struggling for China’s Identity, 1945–1949 16 Paths to the Future 17 Coming Unglued Part 4 From "Politics in Command" to the Glory of Getting Rich: Contemporary Change and Identity, 1961–2018 18 Death Dance: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 19 Reforms and Reactions, 1978–1995 20 The Economic Miracle and Its Shadows, 1992–2018 21 Whither China? 2008–2018 22 Nationalism and Globalization, 1988–2018 23 A Question of Identity: The Republic of China on Taiwan since the 1970s Pronunciation Guide Index

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