Jonathan Adams, Ph.D. (2006), University College London, is Docent and Researcher for the Royal Swedish Academy in the Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University. He has published monographs and articles on East Norse philology and literature, including Displaced Texts (2008) and Lessons in Contempt (2013).

• List of FiguresList of TablesAcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIBackground1 St Birgitta and her Revelations1.1 Why St Birgitta?1.2 The life of St Birgitta1.3 The Revelations of St Birgitta (Latin tradition)1.4 The Revelations of St Birgitta (Swedish tradition)1.5 This book2 Textual history of the vernacular Scandinavian manuscripts2.1 Extant Swedish manuscripts2.1.1 Swedish retranslation2.2 Other Scandinavian manuscripts2.2.1 Old Danish2.2.2 Middle Norwegian2.3 Summary3 Birgitta and Norway3.1 Towards Nordic union in the fourteenth century: Royalty and the nobility3.2 Birgitta’s own personal contacts with Norway3.3 Birgitta’s family connections with Norway3.4 The Birgittine Movement in Norway and Munkeliv3.5 Summary4 Summary of previous research into the manuscript4.1 Gustaf E. Klemming4.2 Robert Geete4.3 Knut B. Westman4.4 Vilhelm Gödel4.5 Salomon Kraft4.6 Marius Sandvei4.7 Didrik Arup Seip4.8 Elias Gustaf Adolf Wessén4.9 Lars Wollin4. 10 Lennart Moberg4.11 Hans Torben Gilkær4.12 General evaluation of earlier theoriesII Manuscript5 Manuscript description5.1 Date and origin5.2 Provenance5.3 Contents5.4 Make-up and description5.4.1 Foliation5.4.2 Materials and dimensions5.4.3 Quiring5.4.4 Ruling and pricking5.4.5 Catchwords5.5 Script5.5.1 Scribal characteristics5.5.2 Abbreviations5.5.3 Punctuation5.5.4 Hyphenation and Word Division5.5.5 Spacing5.5.6 Rubrics and Guide Letters5.5.7 Marginal Notes5.6 Binding5.7 Damage5.8 Scribal errorIII Language6 Lexicon: idiosyncracies, foreign influence, and dialectal forms6.1 Hapax Legomena6.1.1 *drøvuker6.1.2 *iakilse and *iatilse6.1.3 *nidherflytilse6.1.4 *solbadh6.1.5 *spailse6.1.6 *søkiarinna6.1.7 *unsæld6.1.8 *urfamse/orfamse6.1.9 Distribution6.1.10 Discussion6.2 Middle Low German loanwords6.2.1 Unbound Morphemes6.2.2 Bound Morphemes6.2.3 Summary6.3 Latin words and phrases in E 89026.3.1 Adjectives and Common Nouns6.3.2 Proper Nouns6.4 Vadstenaspråk-like, Östgötska, and Danish features7 Language mixture in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.1 Causes of Swedish influence on Norwegian in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries7.1.1 Early definitions7.1.2 The problem of defining “norm” in the context of Old Norwegian 7.1.3 Internal causes of mixture7.1.4 External causes of mixture7.1.5 A diglossic situation in late medieval Norway?7.2. Intentional types of language mixture in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.2.1 Terminology7.2.2 Summary7.3 Causes of unintentional language mixture (“interference”) in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.3.1 Scribe’s own idiolect7.3.2 Scribe’s own dialect7.3.3 Dialect of the original7.3.4 Dialect of the area7.3.5 Norm of the genre7.3.6 Norm of the scriptorium7.3.7 Audience7.3.8 Summary7.4 Concluding remarks8 Analysis of language mixture in E 89028.1 The use of statistics in literary research8.2 The diagnostic test features for E 8902 8.2.1 Diagnostic test feature A: Progressive i-mutation8.2.2 Diagnostic test feature B: Itacism8.2.3 Diagnostic test feature C: Diphthongisation8.2.4 Diagnostic test feature D: Monophthongisation8.2.5 Diagnostic test feature E: Vowel merger8.2.6 Diagnostic test feature F: Elision8.2.7 Diagnostic test feature G: Dental assimilation8.2.8 Diagnostic test feature H: First person singular pronoun8.2.9 Diagnostic test feature I: Relative particle8.2.10 Diagnostic test feature J: Anglo-Saxon letter forms8.3 Statistical procedure8.3.1 Total number of occurrences and proportion8.3.2 Rate of occurrence8.3.3 Ellegård’s distinctiveness ratio8.3.4 Testing for significance8.3.5 Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient8.3.6 Summary8.4 Language mixture8.4.1 Findings of the statistical analysis of language mixture8.5 Miscellaneous south-eastern Norwegian Forms8.5.1 The intrusive svarabhakti vowel8.5.2 Metaphony8.5.3 Metathesis of “vr”8.6 Summary of hand mixture types8.6.1 Hand 18.6.2 Hand 28.6.3 Hand 38.6.4 Hand 48.7 Summary of linguistic analysis9 Conclusion9.1 Summary of aims, methods, and findings9.2 Writing E 8902 9.2.1 Scribes9.2.2 Language9.2.3 Place of composition9.2.4 The manuscript’s place in the Swedish tradition9.3 Contents and audienceIV Edition10 Text and commentary10.1 Editorial procedure10.2 Transcription11 Commentary, references, and indexes11.1 Commentary and references11.2 Index of names and places (nomines et anonymorum) in E 8902BibliographyIndex

“The edition … is diplomatic, with much explication in its parallel pages of textual and explanatory notes, and is of great value. … The work is extremely scholarly and well organized.”Julia Bolton Holloway, University of Colorado, Boulder (emerita). In: The Medieval Review, 14 November 2016.

Jonathan Adams, Ph.D. (2006), University College London, is Docent and Researcher for the Royal Swedish Academy in the Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University. He has published monographs and articles on East Norse philology and literature, including Displaced Texts (2008) and Lessons in Contempt (2013).

• List of FiguresList of TablesAcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIBackground1 St Birgitta and her Revelations1.1 Why St Birgitta?1.2 The life of St Birgitta1.3 The Revelations of St Birgitta (Latin tradition)1.4 The Revelations of St Birgitta (Swedish tradition)1.5 This book2 Textual history of the vernacular Scandinavian manuscripts2.1 Extant Swedish manuscripts2.1.1 Swedish retranslation2.2 Other Scandinavian manuscripts2.2.1 Old Danish2.2.2 Middle Norwegian2.3 Summary3 Birgitta and Norway3.1 Towards Nordic union in the fourteenth century: Royalty and the nobility3.2 Birgitta’s own personal contacts with Norway3.3 Birgitta’s family connections with Norway3.4 The Birgittine Movement in Norway and Munkeliv3.5 Summary4 Summary of previous research into the manuscript4.1 Gustaf E. Klemming4.2 Robert Geete4.3 Knut B. Westman4.4 Vilhelm Gödel4.5 Salomon Kraft4.6 Marius Sandvei4.7 Didrik Arup Seip4.8 Elias Gustaf Adolf Wessén4.9 Lars Wollin4. 10 Lennart Moberg4.11 Hans Torben Gilkær4.12 General evaluation of earlier theoriesII Manuscript5 Manuscript description5.1 Date and origin5.2 Provenance5.3 Contents5.4 Make-up and description5.4.1 Foliation5.4.2 Materials and dimensions5.4.3 Quiring5.4.4 Ruling and pricking5.4.5 Catchwords5.5 Script5.5.1 Scribal characteristics5.5.2 Abbreviations5.5.3 Punctuation5.5.4 Hyphenation and Word Division5.5.5 Spacing5.5.6 Rubrics and Guide Letters5.5.7 Marginal Notes5.6 Binding5.7 Damage5.8 Scribal errorIII Language6 Lexicon: idiosyncracies, foreign influence, and dialectal forms6.1 Hapax Legomena6.1.1 *drøvuker6.1.2 *iakilse and *iatilse6.1.3 *nidherflytilse6.1.4 *solbadh6.1.5 *spailse6.1.6 *søkiarinna6.1.7 *unsæld6.1.8 *urfamse/orfamse6.1.9 Distribution6.1.10 Discussion6.2 Middle Low German loanwords6.2.1 Unbound Morphemes6.2.2 Bound Morphemes6.2.3 Summary6.3 Latin words and phrases in E 89026.3.1 Adjectives and Common Nouns6.3.2 Proper Nouns6.4 Vadstenaspråk-like, Östgötska, and Danish features7 Language mixture in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.1 Causes of Swedish influence on Norwegian in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries7.1.1 Early definitions7.1.2 The problem of defining “norm” in the context of Old Norwegian 7.1.3 Internal causes of mixture7.1.4 External causes of mixture7.1.5 A diglossic situation in late medieval Norway?7.2. Intentional types of language mixture in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.2.1 Terminology7.2.2 Summary7.3 Causes of unintentional language mixture (“interference”) in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.3.1 Scribe’s own idiolect7.3.2 Scribe’s own dialect7.3.3 Dialect of the original7.3.4 Dialect of the area7.3.5 Norm of the genre7.3.6 Norm of the scriptorium7.3.7 Audience7.3.8 Summary7.4 Concluding remarks8 Analysis of language mixture in E 89028.1 The use of statistics in literary research8.2 The diagnostic test features for E 8902 8.2.1 Diagnostic test feature A: Progressive i-mutation8.2.2 Diagnostic test feature B: Itacism8.2.3 Diagnostic test feature C: Diphthongisation8.2.4 Diagnostic test feature D: Monophthongisation8.2.5 Diagnostic test feature E: Vowel merger8.2.6 Diagnostic test feature F: Elision8.2.7 Diagnostic test feature G: Dental assimilation8.2.8 Diagnostic test feature H: First person singular pronoun8.2.9 Diagnostic test feature I: Relative particle8.2.10 Diagnostic test feature J: Anglo-Saxon letter forms8.3 Statistical procedure8.3.1 Total number of occurrences and proportion8.3.2 Rate of occurrence8.3.3 Ellegård’s distinctiveness ratio8.3.4 Testing for significance8.3.5 Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient8.3.6 Summary8.4 Language mixture8.4.1 Findings of the statistical analysis of language mixture8.5 Miscellaneous south-eastern Norwegian Forms8.5.1 The intrusive svarabhakti vowel8.5.2 Metaphony8.5.3 Metathesis of “vr”8.6 Summary of hand mixture types8.6.1 Hand 18.6.2 Hand 28.6.3 Hand 38.6.4 Hand 48.7 Summary of linguistic analysis9 Conclusion9.1 Summary of aims, methods, and findings9.2 Writing E 8902 9.2.1 Scribes9.2.2 Language9.2.3 Place of composition9.2.4 The manuscript’s place in the Swedish tradition9.3 Contents and audienceIV Edition10 Text and commentary10.1 Editorial procedure10.2 Transcription11 Commentary, references, and indexes11.1 Commentary and references11.2 Index of names and places (nomines et anonymorum) in E 8902BibliographyIndex

“The edition … is diplomatic, with much explication in its parallel pages of textual and explanatory notes, and is of great value. … The work is extremely scholarly and well organized.”Julia Bolton Holloway, University of Colorado, Boulder (emerita). In: The Medieval Review, 14 November 2016.

Jonathan Adams, Ph.D. (2006), University College London, is Docent and Researcher for the Royal Swedish Academy in the Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University. He has published monographs and articles on East Norse philology and literature, including Displaced Texts (2008) and Lessons in Contempt (2013).

• List of FiguresList of TablesAcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIBackground1 St Birgitta and her Revelations1.1 Why St Birgitta?1.2 The life of St Birgitta1.3 The Revelations of St Birgitta (Latin tradition)1.4 The Revelations of St Birgitta (Swedish tradition)1.5 This book2 Textual history of the vernacular Scandinavian manuscripts2.1 Extant Swedish manuscripts2.1.1 Swedish retranslation2.2 Other Scandinavian manuscripts2.2.1 Old Danish2.2.2 Middle Norwegian2.3 Summary3 Birgitta and Norway3.1 Towards Nordic union in the fourteenth century: Royalty and the nobility3.2 Birgitta’s own personal contacts with Norway3.3 Birgitta’s family connections with Norway3.4 The Birgittine Movement in Norway and Munkeliv3.5 Summary4 Summary of previous research into the manuscript4.1 Gustaf E. Klemming4.2 Robert Geete4.3 Knut B. Westman4.4 Vilhelm Gödel4.5 Salomon Kraft4.6 Marius Sandvei4.7 Didrik Arup Seip4.8 Elias Gustaf Adolf Wessén4.9 Lars Wollin4. 10 Lennart Moberg4.11 Hans Torben Gilkær4.12 General evaluation of earlier theoriesII Manuscript5 Manuscript description5.1 Date and origin5.2 Provenance5.3 Contents5.4 Make-up and description5.4.1 Foliation5.4.2 Materials and dimensions5.4.3 Quiring5.4.4 Ruling and pricking5.4.5 Catchwords5.5 Script5.5.1 Scribal characteristics5.5.2 Abbreviations5.5.3 Punctuation5.5.4 Hyphenation and Word Division5.5.5 Spacing5.5.6 Rubrics and Guide Letters5.5.7 Marginal Notes5.6 Binding5.7 Damage5.8 Scribal errorIII Language6 Lexicon: idiosyncracies, foreign influence, and dialectal forms6.1 Hapax Legomena6.1.1 *drøvuker6.1.2 *iakilse and *iatilse6.1.3 *nidherflytilse6.1.4 *solbadh6.1.5 *spailse6.1.6 *søkiarinna6.1.7 *unsæld6.1.8 *urfamse/orfamse6.1.9 Distribution6.1.10 Discussion6.2 Middle Low German loanwords6.2.1 Unbound Morphemes6.2.2 Bound Morphemes6.2.3 Summary6.3 Latin words and phrases in E 89026.3.1 Adjectives and Common Nouns6.3.2 Proper Nouns6.4 Vadstenaspråk-like, Östgötska, and Danish features7 Language mixture in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.1 Causes of Swedish influence on Norwegian in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries7.1.1 Early definitions7.1.2 The problem of defining “norm” in the context of Old Norwegian 7.1.3 Internal causes of mixture7.1.4 External causes of mixture7.1.5 A diglossic situation in late medieval Norway?7.2. Intentional types of language mixture in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.2.1 Terminology7.2.2 Summary7.3 Causes of unintentional language mixture (“interference”) in medieval Scandinavian manuscripts7.3.1 Scribe’s own idiolect7.3.2 Scribe’s own dialect7.3.3 Dialect of the original7.3.4 Dialect of the area7.3.5 Norm of the genre7.3.6 Norm of the scriptorium7.3.7 Audience7.3.8 Summary7.4 Concluding remarks8 Analysis of language mixture in E 89028.1 The use of statistics in literary research8.2 The diagnostic test features for E 8902 8.2.1 Diagnostic test feature A: Progressive i-mutation8.2.2 Diagnostic test feature B: Itacism8.2.3 Diagnostic test feature C: Diphthongisation8.2.4 Diagnostic test feature D: Monophthongisation8.2.5 Diagnostic test feature E: Vowel merger8.2.6 Diagnostic test feature F: Elision8.2.7 Diagnostic test feature G: Dental assimilation8.2.8 Diagnostic test feature H: First person singular pronoun8.2.9 Diagnostic test feature I: Relative particle8.2.10 Diagnostic test feature J: Anglo-Saxon letter forms8.3 Statistical procedure8.3.1 Total number of occurrences and proportion8.3.2 Rate of occurrence8.3.3 Ellegård’s distinctiveness ratio8.3.4 Testing for significance8.3.5 Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient8.3.6 Summary8.4 Language mixture8.4.1 Findings of the statistical analysis of language mixture8.5 Miscellaneous south-eastern Norwegian Forms8.5.1 The intrusive svarabhakti vowel8.5.2 Metaphony8.5.3 Metathesis of “vr”8.6 Summary of hand mixture types8.6.1 Hand 18.6.2 Hand 28.6.3 Hand 38.6.4 Hand 48.7 Summary of linguistic analysis9 Conclusion9.1 Summary of aims, methods, and findings9.2 Writing E 8902 9.2.1 Scribes9.2.2 Language9.2.3 Place of composition9.2.4 The manuscript’s place in the Swedish tradition9.3 Contents and audienceIV Edition10 Text and commentary10.1 Editorial procedure10.2 Transcription11 Commentary, references, and indexes11.1 Commentary and references11.2 Index of names and places (nomines et anonymorum) in E 8902BibliographyIndex

“The edition … is diplomatic, with much explication in its parallel pages of textual and explanatory notes, and is of great value. … The work is extremely scholarly and well organized.”Julia Bolton Holloway, University of Colorado, Boulder (emerita). In: The Medieval Review, 14 November 2016.