Retinoids in Dermatology

Ayse Serap Karadag, MDDepartment of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Göztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Berna Aksoy, MD Department of Dermatology, Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey Lawrence Charles Parish, MD, MD (Hon)Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Center for International Dermatology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

• 1. The background of retinoids. 2. Mechanism of action of vitamin A. 3. Mechanism of action of topical retinoids. 4. Mechanism of action of isotretinoin. 5. Mechanism of action of acitretin. 6. Mechanism of action of bexarotene. 7. Mechanism of action of alitretinoin. 8. Effects of retinoids at the cellular level (differentiation, apaptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and senescence. 9. Effects of retinoids at the systemic level. 10. New aspects of isotretinoin teratogenicity. 11. Mucocutaneous side effects. 12. Ophthalmologic side effects. 13. Musculoskeletal side effects. 14. Neurologic side effects. 15. Psychiatric side effects. 16. Gastrointestinal side effects. 17. Endocrine and metabolic side effects. 18. Other systemic side effects: Cardiovascular, pulmonary, otolaryngorhinologic, genitourinary, renal, and immunologic. 19. Retinoids in acne. 20. Retinoids in hydradenitis supurativa/acne inversa. 21. Retinoids in rosacea. 22. Retinoids in hair disorders. 23. Retinoids in psoriasis. 24. Retinoids in keratinization disorders. 25. Retinoids in antiaging therapy. 26. Retinoids in other skin diseases. 27. Retinoids in lymphoma. 28.Retinoids in cutaneous chemoprophylaxis. 29. Guide to good clinical practice for vulnerable populations (infancy, childhood, fertile period, elderly). 30. Retinoids and concomitant surgery. 31. Retinoids and concomitant aesthetic procedures. 32. Laboratory and clinical follow-up. 33. Teratogenicity and registry programs. 34. Management of side effects. 35. Future and novel unexplored indications of retinoids.