Responsible Innovation

Richard OwenUniversity of Exeter,  UKJohn BessantUniversity of Exeter,  UKMaggy HeintzFrench Embassy, London, UK

• Foreword: Why Responsible Innovation? xiJack Stilgoe Preface xviiList of Contributors xxiii1. Innovation in the Twenty-First Century 1John Bessant1.1 Introduction 11.2 How Can We Innovate? – Innovation as a Process 31.3 Where Could We Innovate? – Innovation Strategy 41.4 Reframing Innovation 51.5 Reframing Challenges for Twenty-First Century Innovation 91.5.1 The Spaghetti Challenge 91.5.2 The Sappho Challenge – Bringing Stakeholders into the Frame 141.5.3 The Sustainability Challenge – Innovation for Sustainable Development 171.6 Emergent Properties of the New Innovation Environment 212. A Framework for Responsible Innovation 27Richard Owen, Jack Stilgoe, Phil Macnaghten, Mike Gorman, Erik Fisher, and Dave Guston2.1 Introduction 272.2 Context: the Imperative for Responsible Innovation 302.2.1 Re-evaluating the Social Contract for Science and Innovation 302.2.2 The Responsibility Gap 312.2.3 The Dilemma of Control 332.2.4 Products and Purposes: the Democratic Governance of Intent 342.3 Locating Responsible Innovation within Prospective Dimensions of Responsibility 352.4 Four Dimensions of Responsible Innovation 382.5 Responsible Innovation: from Principles to Practice 392.5.1 Some Experiments in Responsible Innovation 402.6 Toward the Future: Building Capacity for Responsible Innovation 443. A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation 51René von Schomberg3.1 Introduction: Technical Inventions, Innovation, and Responsibility 523.2 Responsible Research and Innovation and the Quest for the Right Impacts of Research 543.3 Defining the Right Impacts and Outcomes of Research 563.4 From Normative Anchor Points Toward the Defining of “Grand Challenges” and the Direction of Innovation 583.5 Responsible Research and Innovation: Organizing Collective Responsibility 593.5.1 Some Examples of Irresponsible Innovation 603.6 A Framework for Responsible Research and Innovation 633.6.1 Use of Technology Assessment and Technology Foresight 653.6.2 Application of Precautionary Principle 673.6.3 Innovation Governance 673.7 Outlook 714. Value Sensitive Design and Responsible Innovation 75Jeroen van den Hoven4.1 Introduction 754.2 Innovation and Moral Overload 774.3 Values and Design 784.4 Responsible Innovation 805. Responsible Innovation – Opening Up Dialogue and Debate 85Kathy Sykes and Phil Macnaghten5.1 A Short History of Controversies about Science and Technology 855.2 The Evolution of Public Engagement 875.3 The Case of Genetically Modified Foods in the UK 905.4 Sciencewise and the Institutional Embedding of Public Engagement in the UK 925.5 Motivations for Public Dialogue 945.6 The Claims for Public Dialogue 975.7 How (and When) Can Debate and Dialogue Be Opened Up? 995.8 The Substance of Public Concerns and Their Implications for Governance 1025.9 Concluding Remarks 1046. “Daddy, Can I Have a Puddle Gator?”: Creativity, Anticipation, and Responsible Innovation 109David H. Guston6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Understanding Anticipation 1116.3 The Politics of Novelty 1126.4 The Challenge of Speculative Ethics 1146.5 Conclusion 1167. What Is “Responsible” about Responsible Innovation? Understanding the Ethical Issues 119Alexei Grinbaum and Christopher Groves7.1 Introduction 1197.2 The Changing Meaning of Responsibility 1207.2.1 From the Divine Corporation to the Sovereign Individual 1207.2.2 Knowledge, Uncertainty, and Human Finitude 1237.2.3 Reciprocal and Non-Reciprocal Responsibility 1267.3 Beyond the Sovereign Individual: Collective Responsibility, Desire, and Cultural Narratives 1287.3.1 Passion Sits Alongside Reason 1287.3.2 Non-Consequentialist Individual Responsibility 1307.3.3 Collective Political Responsibility 1327.3.4 The Virtues of Responsible Innovation 1347.3.5 Narratives Take over Where Cost–Benefit Analysis Fails 1357.4 Conclusion: Responsibility and Meaning 1398. Adaptive Governance for Responsible Innovation 143Robert G. Lee and JudithPetts8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Risk and Adaptive Governance 1458.3 Responsibility and Accountability 1478.4 The Rationale for Regulation 1508.5 Risk Regulation and Accountability for Product Safety 1518.6 The Adaptation of Risk Regulation 1548.7 Adaptive Innovation Governance: Limits and Needs 1588.8 Conclusion 1609. Responsible Innovation: Multi-Level Dynamics and Soft Intervention Practices 165Erik Fisher and Arie Rip9.1 Introduction 1659.2 Discourse and Activities at Different Levels of Governance 1669.2.1 International and Bi-Lateral Meetings 1679.2.2 Legislative Initiatives 1689.2.3 Research Funding Agencies 1699.2.4 Intermediary Organizations and Consortia 1719.2.5 Concrete Activities 1729.3 Two Cases of “Soft” Intervention 1739.3.1 STIRing the Capacities of Science and Innovation Practitioners 1739.3.2 Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) of Newly Emerging Science and Technology 1759.4 Concluding Observations on Governance 17710. Responsible Innovation in Finance: Directions and Implications 185Fabian Muniesa and Marc Lenglet10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Perspectives on Responsible Innovation in Finance 18710.2.1 Perspective on Function 18710.2.2 Perspective on Moral Rules 18810.2.3 Perspective on Internalized Values 18810.2.4 Perspective on Aggregate Consequences 18910.2.5 Perspective on Accountability 18910.2.6 Perspective on Precaution 19010.2.7 Perspective on Democracy 19110.3 Some Directions for Further Reflection 19110.4 Conclusion 19411. Responsible Research and Innovation in Information and Communication Technology: Identifying and Engaging with the Ethical Implications of ICTs 199Bernd Carsten Stahl, Grace Eden, and Marina Jirotka11.1 Introduction 19911.2 Conceptualizing Responsibility and Responsible Research and Innovation in ICT 20011.2.1 Responsibility as a Social Ascription 20011.2.2 Responsible Research and Innovation as Meta-Responsibility 20111.2.3 Responsible Research and Innovation: the Four “P”s 20211.3 Building a Framework for RRI in ICT 20311.3.1 Product: ICTs and Their Ethical Implications 20311.3.2 People: Landscape of ICT Ethics 20811.3.3 Process: Governance of RRI in ICT 21211.4 Critical Reflections 21411.4.1 The Meta-Responsibilities of RRI 21411.4.2 Further Research 21512. Deliberation and Responsible Innovation: a Geoengineering Case Study 219Karen Parkhill, Nick Pidgeon, Adam Corner, and Naomi Vaughan12.1 Introduction 21912.2 Public Perceptions of Geoengineering 22212.3 Exploring Public Perceptions of Geoengineering: an Empirical Study 22312.3.1 Context 22312.3.2 Method: Deliberating SPICE 22412.3.3 Analysis 22512.4 Public Perceptions of Geoengineering through the Lens of Responsible Innovation 22612.4.1 Intentions 22612.4.2 Responsibility 22912.4.3 Impacts 23112.4.4 The Role of the Public 23212.5 Conclusion: Geoengineering – Responsible Innovation? 23413. Visions, Hype, and Expectations: a Place for Responsibility 241Elena Simakova and Christopher Coenen13.1 Introduction 24113.2 The Repertoires of Nano Futures 24313.3 Narratives of Responsibility 25313.3.1 Narrative 1: Nanofutures, Boundary Work and Technology Assessment Activities in the US and Germany 25313.3.2 Narrative 2: Responsibility as Knowledge and Technology Transfer in the United States 25613.4 Narratives, Visions and Conflicts: Lessons for RRI? 259Endnotes: Building Capacity for Responsible Innovation 269Jonny HankinsBuilding Capacity for Responsible Innovation: Awareness and Engagement 271Less Stick and More Carrot: Building Capacity through Education 272Index 275