'In exploring how and why low-intensity episodes of violence organized around religious identities sometimes escalate into full-fledged 'communal wars', this book underlines the dynamic interplay between locals and outsiders, while also highlighting civilian agency under conditions of exceptional duress. With this important and timely study based on extensive fieldwork in Nigeria and Indonesia, Krause succeeds in furthering our understanding of political violence.' Stathis Kalyvas, Gladstone Professor of Government, University of Oxford