Gráinne McMahon is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Huddersfield, U.K.Harriet Rowley is a Senior Lecturer in Education and Community at Manchester Metropolitan University, U.K.Janet Batsleer is a de-instutionalising former academic who has worked in a variety of roles and published widely in the field of critical Youth and Community Work education and social research.

• Chapter 1. Introduction to ‘Manchester in a European Gaze’; Harriet Rowley, Janet Batsleer, and Gráinne McMahon SECTION 1. (NON)FORMAL SPACES FOR REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRACY Chapter 2. Democrat and/or Parasite: Beyond the Tokenism Debate in the Emergence of the Greater Manchester Youth Combined Authority (A Manchester Case); Stuart Dunne and James Duggan Chapter 3. Moving Out of Formal Structures: Young People as Independent Action Researchers (A Manchester Case); Hasaan Amin, Vanessa Attipoe, Hassan Dantata, Daniel Rimes, Barry Percy-Smith, and Nigel Patrick Thomas Chapter 4. Youth Councils in Other Contexts (A European Commentary); Björn Andersson SECTION 2. SELF-ORGANISING, PROTEST AND ACTIVIST MOVEMENTS Chapter 5. Be(com)ing Feminist and Creating a ‘Politics of a Difference’ (A Manchester Case); Gráinne McMahon Chapter 6. Being a Socialist in Manchester (A Manchester Case); Alexandre Pais Chapter 7. Counter-Hegemonic Politics between Coping and Performative Self-contradictions (A European Commentary); Jessica Lütgens and Yağmur Mengilli SECTION 3. PRECARITY, FRAGILITY, RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE Chapter 8. ‘Faceless’: Young People Seeking Asylum and Safety (A Manchester case); Gráinne McMahon and Rhetta Moran Chapter 9. Who was Lost and Who was Found? (A Manchester case); Harriet Rowley and Chris Charles Chapter 10. Fragilities: Participation as Resilience (A European Commentary); Ilaria Pitti SECTION 4. CREATIVITY, PERFORMANCE, IMPROVISATION AND DEMOCRACY Chapter 11. Creativity and Enterprise: The Agency (A Manchester Case); Steve Vickers and Janet Batsleer Chapter 12. Pulling a Politics Out of the Hat at ‘The Noise Upstairs’ (A Manchester Case); Geoff Bright and Anton Hunter Chapter 13. Opening Up Space for Participation: Street Music and Politics (A European Commentary); Berrin Osmanoğlu, Demet Lüküslü, and Cemre Zekiroğlu Chapter 14. Necessity and Dilemmas of a Wide Notion of Youth Participation: European Perspectives; Axel Pohl and Andreas Walther Chapter 15. (not a) Conclusion; Gráinne McMahon, Harriet Rowley, and Janet Batsleer, with Elaine Morrison

Gráinne McMahon is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Huddersfield, U.K.Harriet Rowley is a Senior Lecturer in Education and Community at Manchester Metropolitan University, U.K.Janet Batsleer is a de-instutionalising former academic who has worked in a variety of roles and published widely in the field of critical Youth and Community Work education and social research.

• Chapter 1. Introduction to ‘Manchester in a European Gaze’; Harriet Rowley, Janet Batsleer, and Gráinne McMahon SECTION 1. (NON)FORMAL SPACES FOR REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRACY Chapter 2. Democrat and/or Parasite: Beyond the Tokenism Debate in the Emergence of the Greater Manchester Youth Combined Authority (A Manchester Case); Stuart Dunne and James Duggan Chapter 3. Moving Out of Formal Structures: Young People as Independent Action Researchers (A Manchester Case); Hasaan Amin, Vanessa Attipoe, Hassan Dantata, Daniel Rimes, Barry Percy-Smith, and Nigel Patrick Thomas Chapter 4. Youth Councils in Other Contexts (A European Commentary); Björn Andersson SECTION 2. SELF-ORGANISING, PROTEST AND ACTIVIST MOVEMENTS Chapter 5. Be(com)ing Feminist and Creating a ‘Politics of a Difference’ (A Manchester Case); Gráinne McMahon Chapter 6. Being a Socialist in Manchester (A Manchester Case); Alexandre Pais Chapter 7. Counter-Hegemonic Politics between Coping and Performative Self-contradictions (A European Commentary); Jessica Lütgens and Yağmur Mengilli SECTION 3. PRECARITY, FRAGILITY, RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE Chapter 8. ‘Faceless’: Young People Seeking Asylum and Safety (A Manchester case); Gráinne McMahon and Rhetta Moran Chapter 9. Who was Lost and Who was Found? (A Manchester case); Harriet Rowley and Chris Charles Chapter 10. Fragilities: Participation as Resilience (A European Commentary); Ilaria Pitti SECTION 4. CREATIVITY, PERFORMANCE, IMPROVISATION AND DEMOCRACY Chapter 11. Creativity and Enterprise: The Agency (A Manchester Case); Steve Vickers and Janet Batsleer Chapter 12. Pulling a Politics Out of the Hat at ‘The Noise Upstairs’ (A Manchester Case); Geoff Bright and Anton Hunter Chapter 13. Opening Up Space for Participation: Street Music and Politics (A European Commentary); Berrin Osmanoğlu, Demet Lüküslü, and Cemre Zekiroğlu Chapter 14. Necessity and Dilemmas of a Wide Notion of Youth Participation: European Perspectives; Axel Pohl and Andreas Walther Chapter 15. (not a) Conclusion; Gráinne McMahon, Harriet Rowley, and Janet Batsleer, with Elaine Morrison

Gráinne McMahon is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Huddersfield, U.K.Harriet Rowley is a Senior Lecturer in Education and Community at Manchester Metropolitan University, U.K.Janet Batsleer is a de-instutionalising former academic who has worked in a variety of roles and published widely in the field of critical Youth and Community Work education and social research.

• Chapter 1. Introduction to ‘Manchester in a European Gaze’; Harriet Rowley, Janet Batsleer, and Gráinne McMahon SECTION 1. (NON)FORMAL SPACES FOR REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRACY Chapter 2. Democrat and/or Parasite: Beyond the Tokenism Debate in the Emergence of the Greater Manchester Youth Combined Authority (A Manchester Case); Stuart Dunne and James Duggan Chapter 3. Moving Out of Formal Structures: Young People as Independent Action Researchers (A Manchester Case); Hasaan Amin, Vanessa Attipoe, Hassan Dantata, Daniel Rimes, Barry Percy-Smith, and Nigel Patrick Thomas Chapter 4. Youth Councils in Other Contexts (A European Commentary); Björn Andersson SECTION 2. SELF-ORGANISING, PROTEST AND ACTIVIST MOVEMENTS Chapter 5. Be(com)ing Feminist and Creating a ‘Politics of a Difference’ (A Manchester Case); Gráinne McMahon Chapter 6. Being a Socialist in Manchester (A Manchester Case); Alexandre Pais Chapter 7. Counter-Hegemonic Politics between Coping and Performative Self-contradictions (A European Commentary); Jessica Lütgens and Yağmur Mengilli SECTION 3. PRECARITY, FRAGILITY, RESILIENCE AND RESISTANCE Chapter 8. ‘Faceless’: Young People Seeking Asylum and Safety (A Manchester case); Gráinne McMahon and Rhetta Moran Chapter 9. Who was Lost and Who was Found? (A Manchester case); Harriet Rowley and Chris Charles Chapter 10. Fragilities: Participation as Resilience (A European Commentary); Ilaria Pitti SECTION 4. CREATIVITY, PERFORMANCE, IMPROVISATION AND DEMOCRACY Chapter 11. Creativity and Enterprise: The Agency (A Manchester Case); Steve Vickers and Janet Batsleer Chapter 12. Pulling a Politics Out of the Hat at ‘The Noise Upstairs’ (A Manchester Case); Geoff Bright and Anton Hunter Chapter 13. Opening Up Space for Participation: Street Music and Politics (A European Commentary); Berrin Osmanoğlu, Demet Lüküslü, and Cemre Zekiroğlu Chapter 14. Necessity and Dilemmas of a Wide Notion of Youth Participation: European Perspectives; Axel Pohl and Andreas Walther Chapter 15. (not a) Conclusion; Gráinne McMahon, Harriet Rowley, and Janet Batsleer, with Elaine Morrison