Research Handbook on Warfare and Artificial Intelligence

Edited by Robin Geiß, Director, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), Geneva, Switzerland and Henning Lahmann, Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University Law School, the Netherlands

• ContentsIntroduction to Research Handbook on Warfare and Artificial Intelligence 1Robin Geiß and Henning LahmannPART I THE DIGITAL BATTLEFIELD1 New military technologies and changes in warfare through the ages 10Beatrice Heuser2 Technology, economy and war: the disruptive force of AI 28Giacomo Persi Paoli and Sarah Grand-Clément3 Military applications of AI: current situation and future considerations 55Larry Lewis and Diane Vavrichek4 Digital battlefield: concept, technology and prospects 76Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan and Anja Dahlmann5 Risks and benefits of AI-enabled military decision-making 99Vincent Boulanin6 From strategy to orders: preparing and conducting military operationswith artificial intelligence 116Tobias VestnerPART II AI IN WARFARE: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES7 Employment of AI in decisions on the use of force 136Dominik Steiger8 AI is changing the battlefield, but perhaps not how you think: ananalysis of the operationalization of targeting law and the increasinguse of AI in military operations 161Merel A.C. Ekelhof9 Aspects of realizing (meaningful) human control: a legal perspective 179Bérénice Boutin and Taylor Woodcock10 Big data and the future of belligerency: applying the rights to privacyand data protection to wartime artificial intelligence 197Asaf Lubin11 Accountability and responsibility for AI-enabled conduct 216Binxin Zhang12 ‘Handle with care’: due diligence obligations in the employment of AItechnologies 234Antonio Coco and Talita DiasPART III SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF AI IN WARFARE13 AI and military cyber operations 262Heather A. Harrison Dinniss14 Spying, artificial intelligence and the law of war 281Russell Buchan15 Employing AI to improve humanitarian action in times of conflict and crisis 298Ana BeduschiPART IV ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES: THE WAY FORWARD16 State positions on autonomous weapons systems 315Gugu Dube and Mary Wareham17 AI and the future of arms control 337Jürgen Altmann18 Regulating AI in non-military applications: lessons learned 352Silja Vöneky and Thorsten Schmidt19 The technological leap of AI and the Global South: deepeningasymmetries and the future of international security 370Eugenio V. GarciaIndex 388