Edited by Gary D. Rawnsley, Professor of Public Diplomacy, School of International Studies and Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China, Yiben Ma, Convenor of the Preliminary Year Programme for International Communications, Centre for English Language Education, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China and Kruakae Pothong, Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

• Contents:Introduction to the Research Handbook on Political Propaganda 1Gary D. Rawnsley, Yiben Ma and Kruakae Pothong1 World propaganda and personal insecurity: intent, content, and contentment 7Naren Chitty2 Democracies and war propaganda in the 21st century 22Piers Robinson3 Fake news, trust, and behaviour in a digital world 36Terry Flew4 Cambridge Analytica 49David R. Carroll5 ‘Believe me’: political propaganda in the age of Trump 59Gary D. Rawnsley6 The information war paradox 75Peter Pomerantsev7 Digital propaganda as symbolic convergence: the case of Russian adsduring the 2016 US presidential election 88Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor8 Getting the message right in Xi Jinping’s China: propaganda,story-telling, and the challenge of reaching people’s emotions 106Kerry Brown9 Political communication in the age of media convergence in China 119Xiaoling Zhang and Yiben Ma10 Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for digital propaganda 135Titus C. Chen11 Constructing its own reality: the CCP’s agenda for the Hong Konganti-extradition bill movement 151Luwei Rose Luqiu12 Sexuality and politics: ‘coming out’ in German and Chinese queer films 164Hongwei Bao13 The compassion ‘spectacle’: the propaganda of piety, virtuosity, andaltruism within neoliberal politics 176Colin Alexander14 Political propaganda and the global struggle against Apartheid, 1948‒1994 191Nicholas J. Cull15 Refugees, migration and propaganda 205Gillian McFadyen16 Brexit uncertainties: political rhetoric versus British core values in the NHS 219Georgia Spiliopoulos17 The media, antisemitism, and political warfare in Jeremy Corbyn’sLabour Party, 2015‒2019 232James R. Vaughan18 Terrorist propaganda 251Afzal Ashraf19 Propaganda through participation: counterterrorism narratives in China 265Chi Zhang20 Countermeasures to extremist propaganda: a strategy for counteringabsolutist religious beliefs in northeast Nigeria 278Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob21 Imagined minorities: making ‘real’ images of ethnic harmony inChinese tourism 293Melissa Shani Brown and David O’Brien22 The language of protest: slogans and the construction of tourismcontestation in Barcelona 308Neil Hughes23 The Mexican 2018 presidential election in the media landscape:newspaper coverage, TV spots, and Twitter interaction 324Rubén Arnoldo González24 Political propaganda and memes in Mexico: the 2018 presidential election 342Penélope Franco Estrada and Gary D. Rawnsley25 Political parties, rallies, and propaganda in India 355Andrew Wyatt26 Media and majoritarianism in India: eroding soft power? 367Daya Thussu27 Korean cultural diplomacy in Laos: soft power, propaganda, and exploitation 381Mary J. Ainslie28 Fact-checking false claims and propaganda in the age of post-truthpolitics: the Brexit referendum 398Jen Birks29 Beyond the smear word: media literacy educators tackle contemporarypropaganda 413Renee HobbsIndex

Edited by Gary D. Rawnsley, Professor of Public Diplomacy, School of International Studies and Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China, Yiben Ma, Convenor of the Preliminary Year Programme for International Communications, Centre for English Language Education, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China and Kruakae Pothong, Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

• Contents:Introduction to the Research Handbook on Political Propaganda 1Gary D. Rawnsley, Yiben Ma and Kruakae Pothong1 World propaganda and personal insecurity: intent, content, and contentment 7Naren Chitty2 Democracies and war propaganda in the 21st century 22Piers Robinson3 Fake news, trust, and behaviour in a digital world 36Terry Flew4 Cambridge Analytica 49David R. Carroll5 ‘Believe me’: political propaganda in the age of Trump 59Gary D. Rawnsley6 The information war paradox 75Peter Pomerantsev7 Digital propaganda as symbolic convergence: the case of Russian adsduring the 2016 US presidential election 88Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor8 Getting the message right in Xi Jinping’s China: propaganda,story-telling, and the challenge of reaching people’s emotions 106Kerry Brown9 Political communication in the age of media convergence in China 119Xiaoling Zhang and Yiben Ma10 Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for digital propaganda 135Titus C. Chen11 Constructing its own reality: the CCP’s agenda for the Hong Konganti-extradition bill movement 151Luwei Rose Luqiu12 Sexuality and politics: ‘coming out’ in German and Chinese queer films 164Hongwei Bao13 The compassion ‘spectacle’: the propaganda of piety, virtuosity, andaltruism within neoliberal politics 176Colin Alexander14 Political propaganda and the global struggle against Apartheid, 1948‒1994 191Nicholas J. Cull15 Refugees, migration and propaganda 205Gillian McFadyen16 Brexit uncertainties: political rhetoric versus British core values in the NHS 219Georgia Spiliopoulos17 The media, antisemitism, and political warfare in Jeremy Corbyn’sLabour Party, 2015‒2019 232James R. Vaughan18 Terrorist propaganda 251Afzal Ashraf19 Propaganda through participation: counterterrorism narratives in China 265Chi Zhang20 Countermeasures to extremist propaganda: a strategy for counteringabsolutist religious beliefs in northeast Nigeria 278Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob21 Imagined minorities: making ‘real’ images of ethnic harmony inChinese tourism 293Melissa Shani Brown and David O’Brien22 The language of protest: slogans and the construction of tourismcontestation in Barcelona 308Neil Hughes23 The Mexican 2018 presidential election in the media landscape:newspaper coverage, TV spots, and Twitter interaction 324Rubén Arnoldo González24 Political propaganda and memes in Mexico: the 2018 presidential election 342Penélope Franco Estrada and Gary D. Rawnsley25 Political parties, rallies, and propaganda in India 355Andrew Wyatt26 Media and majoritarianism in India: eroding soft power? 367Daya Thussu27 Korean cultural diplomacy in Laos: soft power, propaganda, and exploitation 381Mary J. Ainslie28 Fact-checking false claims and propaganda in the age of post-truthpolitics: the Brexit referendum 398Jen Birks29 Beyond the smear word: media literacy educators tackle contemporarypropaganda 413Renee HobbsIndex

Edited by Gary D. Rawnsley, Professor of Public Diplomacy, School of International Studies and Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China, Yiben Ma, Convenor of the Preliminary Year Programme for International Communications, Centre for English Language Education, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, China and Kruakae Pothong, Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

• Contents:Introduction to the Research Handbook on Political Propaganda 1Gary D. Rawnsley, Yiben Ma and Kruakae Pothong1 World propaganda and personal insecurity: intent, content, and contentment 7Naren Chitty2 Democracies and war propaganda in the 21st century 22Piers Robinson3 Fake news, trust, and behaviour in a digital world 36Terry Flew4 Cambridge Analytica 49David R. Carroll5 ‘Believe me’: political propaganda in the age of Trump 59Gary D. Rawnsley6 The information war paradox 75Peter Pomerantsev7 Digital propaganda as symbolic convergence: the case of Russian adsduring the 2016 US presidential election 88Corneliu Bjola and Ilan Manor8 Getting the message right in Xi Jinping’s China: propaganda,story-telling, and the challenge of reaching people’s emotions 106Kerry Brown9 Political communication in the age of media convergence in China 119Xiaoling Zhang and Yiben Ma10 Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for digital propaganda 135Titus C. Chen11 Constructing its own reality: the CCP’s agenda for the Hong Konganti-extradition bill movement 151Luwei Rose Luqiu12 Sexuality and politics: ‘coming out’ in German and Chinese queer films 164Hongwei Bao13 The compassion ‘spectacle’: the propaganda of piety, virtuosity, andaltruism within neoliberal politics 176Colin Alexander14 Political propaganda and the global struggle against Apartheid, 1948‒1994 191Nicholas J. Cull15 Refugees, migration and propaganda 205Gillian McFadyen16 Brexit uncertainties: political rhetoric versus British core values in the NHS 219Georgia Spiliopoulos17 The media, antisemitism, and political warfare in Jeremy Corbyn’sLabour Party, 2015‒2019 232James R. Vaughan18 Terrorist propaganda 251Afzal Ashraf19 Propaganda through participation: counterterrorism narratives in China 265Chi Zhang20 Countermeasures to extremist propaganda: a strategy for counteringabsolutist religious beliefs in northeast Nigeria 278Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob21 Imagined minorities: making ‘real’ images of ethnic harmony inChinese tourism 293Melissa Shani Brown and David O’Brien22 The language of protest: slogans and the construction of tourismcontestation in Barcelona 308Neil Hughes23 The Mexican 2018 presidential election in the media landscape:newspaper coverage, TV spots, and Twitter interaction 324Rubén Arnoldo González24 Political propaganda and memes in Mexico: the 2018 presidential election 342Penélope Franco Estrada and Gary D. Rawnsley25 Political parties, rallies, and propaganda in India 355Andrew Wyatt26 Media and majoritarianism in India: eroding soft power? 367Daya Thussu27 Korean cultural diplomacy in Laos: soft power, propaganda, and exploitation 381Mary J. Ainslie28 Fact-checking false claims and propaganda in the age of post-truthpolitics: the Brexit referendum 398Jen Birks29 Beyond the smear word: media literacy educators tackle contemporarypropaganda 413Renee HobbsIndex