Edited by Russell Buchan, Professor of International Law, University of Reading, UK and Iñaki Navarrete, Associate Legal Officer, International Court of Justice, The Hague, the Netherlands

• ContentsForeword xIntroduction to the Research Handbook on Intelligence and International Law 1Russell Buchan and Iñaki Navarrete1 The intelligence cycle in the digital age 9Damien Van Puyvelde and Clara Broekaert2 The intelligence function and world order 23Eneken Tikk3 The intelligence community as a normative actor under international law 43Sophie Duroy4 Regulating information operations and activities: the principles ofsovereignty and non-intervention 70Zhixiong Huang and Xinyu Wei5 Trip wires and thresholds: intelligence collection and the jus ad bellum 90Craig Forcese and Simon Klee6 The international law of intelligence sharing during military operations 111Marko Milanovic7 State responsibility for negligent intelligence 134Asaf Lubin8 The International Court of Justice and peacetime espionage 156Iñaki Navarrete9 Surveillance and the European Court of Human Rights 204François Dubuisson10 Economic espionage under international law 224David P. Fidler11 Intelligence collection and the international law of the sea 247James Kraska12 The use of submarine cable infrastructure for intelligence collection 278Tara Davenport13 Aerial reconnaissance and international law 309Fabien Lafouasse14 Surveillance satellites and international law 329Russell Buchan15 Peacetime cyber espionage and international law 353Patrick C. R. Terry16 Putting a spy in the dock: immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction forthe crime of espionage 377Tom Ruys and Paul David Mora17 Intelligence collection in response to human rights crises 401Naomi Hart18 Civilians and military intelligence in international law 430Alison Pert19 The status and treatment of captured spies under the law of war 455Heather A. Harrison Dinniss20 The use of intelligence in UN peacekeeping operations: principles, rules,and standards 474Nicholas Tsagourias and Camino Kavanagh

‘This Research Handbook is an erudite yet very readable collective work on the role of intelligence agencies within international affairs. It provides a balanced account of what is sometimes thought of as pernicious or unknowable. For the most part, the volume avoids sensationalising—or romanticising—“espionage”. It is based on fact not fiction. The volume covers a wide range of questions related to intelligence matters that government lawyers and others face on a daily basis; it is strongly recommended.’