Edited by Marleen van Rijswick, Professor and Cathy Suykens, Senior Researcher, Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

• ContentsList of contributors xiList of figures xForeword xxiPreface xxiiList of abbreviations xxiiiPART I  EU WATER LAW: SETTING THE SCENE1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on EU Water Law 2Cathy Suykens and Marleen van Rijswick2 The history of EU water law 10Marleen van Rijswick3 EU water law as part of EU environmental law 20Antti Belinskij, Elina Heikkilä, and Anton Ruotsalainen4 Water in the EU Green Deal and recent evolutions in EU water law andpolicy 36Suvi-Tuuli Puharinen5 EU water law and international water law: mutually reinforcingframeworks 56Owen McIntyrePART II  WATER MANAGEMENT AND RELATED RIGHTS AND CONFLICTS6 Human rights and consumer protection in the EU Drinking WaterDirective 73Iris Benöhr7 Review of permits: the interplay between Article 11(5) of the WaterFramework Directive and Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights 89Víðir Smári Petersen and Flore Vavourakis8 River rights: exploring how river personhood could connect to EU riverlaws 112Cathy Suykens, Katie O’Bryan, and Erin O’Donnell9 Participatory rights and access to justice: water and the Aarhus Conventionin the EU 137Jerzy Jendrośka10 European basin organizations in the context of climate-induced conflictrisks 157Susanne Schmeier and Gábor BaranyaiPART III  THE SUBSTANTIVE WATER LEGAL LANDSCAPESECTION 1 RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION OF WATER RESOURCES11 Goals of the Water Framework Directive: prevent deterioration and protect,enhance and restore ecological status 180Moritz Reese12 Environmental quality standards for water and the long road towardsachieving good chemical status for surface water 209Henrik Josefsson13 Planning: management cycles and implications for industrial permits 234Lasse Baaner14 Monitoring, compliance and enforcement: the Water Framework Directive 249Oda Essens15 Cost recovery as a water policy principle 266Petra Lindhout16 The regulation of groundwater in EU Law: the Groundwater Directives 283Henrik Josefsson17 The marine environment and coastal zones: the Marine Strategy Directiveand marine planning 306David Langlet18 The Drinking Water Directive 326Jasper van Kempen19 Safe bathing water 342Susanne Wuijts, Ciska Schets, and Marleen van RijswickSECTION 2 REGULATING PRESSURES AND RISKS20 Flood risk management in Europe: a deep dive into the Floods Directive 355Willemijn van Doorn-Hoekveld and Frank Groothuijse21 Water scarcity and drought risk management in the EU: towards an EUWater Scarcity and Droughts Directive? 368Marchien van Steinvoorn and Herman Kasper Gilissen22 Circular water management: wastewater and water reuse 385Annalies Outhuijse and Dafne van der Kraan23 The regulation of polluting substances in relation to EU water law 401Valérie van ‘t LamPART IV  WATER-NEXUSES24 Water and agricultural pollution 422Helle Tegner Anker25 Reconciling flood-risk management with nature protection law: thepromise of nature-based solutions 443Anne Lansink and Bente de Leeuw26 Water and land use: role and scope of EU legislation 467Juliane Albrecht and Thomas Hartmann27 The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and EU Taxonomy: awaterproof European plan for the energy transition? Zooming in on thewater–energy nexus 482Cathy Suykens, Kelly Verreth, and Leonie ReinsPART V  APPROACHES TO IMPROVING WATER GOVERNANCE28 Nature-based solutions in sustainable water governance 506Froukje Maria Platjouw, Maximilian Nawrath, Isabel Seifert-Dähnn,Line Johanne Barkved, and Ingvild Skumlien Furuseth29 Social-ecological systems approach to water: resilience and adaptivity inwater management, governance and law 529Niko Soininen and Marleen van Rijswick30 Water and spatial planning: exploring governance synergies in theNetherlands – a case study and lessons for the EU 548Liping Dai31 Water law, water management and water governance: towards amultidisciplinary approach ensuring coherence, adaptiveness, andeffectiveness 566Susanne Wuijts, Peter Driessen, and Marleen van RijswickIndex 586

‘The Handbook offers an outstanding, comprehensive analysis of contemporary challenges and innovative governance solutions in EU water law and policy. It is an essential resource for scholars, policymakers, legal practitioners, and environmental professionals seeking to understand and address the complexities of water management in Europe.’

Edited by Marleen van Rijswick, Professor and Cathy Suykens, Senior Researcher, Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

• ContentsList of contributors xiList of figures xForeword xxiPreface xxiiList of abbreviations xxiiiPART I  EU WATER LAW: SETTING THE SCENE1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on EU Water Law 2Cathy Suykens and Marleen van Rijswick2 The history of EU water law 10Marleen van Rijswick3 EU water law as part of EU environmental law 20Antti Belinskij, Elina Heikkilä, and Anton Ruotsalainen4 Water in the EU Green Deal and recent evolutions in EU water law andpolicy 36Suvi-Tuuli Puharinen5 EU water law and international water law: mutually reinforcingframeworks 56Owen McIntyrePART II  WATER MANAGEMENT AND RELATED RIGHTS AND CONFLICTS6 Human rights and consumer protection in the EU Drinking WaterDirective 73Iris Benöhr7 Review of permits: the interplay between Article 11(5) of the WaterFramework Directive and Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights 89Víðir Smári Petersen and Flore Vavourakis8 River rights: exploring how river personhood could connect to EU riverlaws 112Cathy Suykens, Katie O’Bryan, and Erin O’Donnell9 Participatory rights and access to justice: water and the Aarhus Conventionin the EU 137Jerzy Jendrośka10 European basin organizations in the context of climate-induced conflictrisks 157Susanne Schmeier and Gábor BaranyaiPART III  THE SUBSTANTIVE WATER LEGAL LANDSCAPESECTION 1 RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION OF WATER RESOURCES11 Goals of the Water Framework Directive: prevent deterioration and protect,enhance and restore ecological status 180Moritz Reese12 Environmental quality standards for water and the long road towardsachieving good chemical status for surface water 209Henrik Josefsson13 Planning: management cycles and implications for industrial permits 234Lasse Baaner14 Monitoring, compliance and enforcement: the Water Framework Directive 249Oda Essens15 Cost recovery as a water policy principle 266Petra Lindhout16 The regulation of groundwater in EU Law: the Groundwater Directives 283Henrik Josefsson17 The marine environment and coastal zones: the Marine Strategy Directiveand marine planning 306David Langlet18 The Drinking Water Directive 326Jasper van Kempen19 Safe bathing water 342Susanne Wuijts, Ciska Schets, and Marleen van RijswickSECTION 2 REGULATING PRESSURES AND RISKS20 Flood risk management in Europe: a deep dive into the Floods Directive 355Willemijn van Doorn-Hoekveld and Frank Groothuijse21 Water scarcity and drought risk management in the EU: towards an EUWater Scarcity and Droughts Directive? 368Marchien van Steinvoorn and Herman Kasper Gilissen22 Circular water management: wastewater and water reuse 385Annalies Outhuijse and Dafne van der Kraan23 The regulation of polluting substances in relation to EU water law 401Valérie van ‘t LamPART IV  WATER-NEXUSES24 Water and agricultural pollution 422Helle Tegner Anker25 Reconciling flood-risk management with nature protection law: thepromise of nature-based solutions 443Anne Lansink and Bente de Leeuw26 Water and land use: role and scope of EU legislation 467Juliane Albrecht and Thomas Hartmann27 The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and EU Taxonomy: awaterproof European plan for the energy transition? Zooming in on thewater–energy nexus 482Cathy Suykens, Kelly Verreth, and Leonie ReinsPART V  APPROACHES TO IMPROVING WATER GOVERNANCE28 Nature-based solutions in sustainable water governance 506Froukje Maria Platjouw, Maximilian Nawrath, Isabel Seifert-Dähnn,Line Johanne Barkved, and Ingvild Skumlien Furuseth29 Social-ecological systems approach to water: resilience and adaptivity inwater management, governance and law 529Niko Soininen and Marleen van Rijswick30 Water and spatial planning: exploring governance synergies in theNetherlands – a case study and lessons for the EU 548Liping Dai31 Water law, water management and water governance: towards amultidisciplinary approach ensuring coherence, adaptiveness, andeffectiveness 566Susanne Wuijts, Peter Driessen, and Marleen van RijswickIndex 586

‘The Handbook offers an outstanding, comprehensive analysis of contemporary challenges and innovative governance solutions in EU water law and policy. It is an essential resource for scholars, policymakers, legal practitioners, and environmental professionals seeking to understand and address the complexities of water management in Europe.’

Edited by Marleen van Rijswick, Professor and Cathy Suykens, Senior Researcher, Utrecht Centre for Water, Oceans and Sustainability Law, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

• ContentsList of contributors xiList of figures xForeword xxiPreface xxiiList of abbreviations xxiiiPART I  EU WATER LAW: SETTING THE SCENE1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on EU Water Law 2Cathy Suykens and Marleen van Rijswick2 The history of EU water law 10Marleen van Rijswick3 EU water law as part of EU environmental law 20Antti Belinskij, Elina Heikkilä, and Anton Ruotsalainen4 Water in the EU Green Deal and recent evolutions in EU water law andpolicy 36Suvi-Tuuli Puharinen5 EU water law and international water law: mutually reinforcingframeworks 56Owen McIntyrePART II  WATER MANAGEMENT AND RELATED RIGHTS AND CONFLICTS6 Human rights and consumer protection in the EU Drinking WaterDirective 73Iris Benöhr7 Review of permits: the interplay between Article 11(5) of the WaterFramework Directive and Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights 89Víðir Smári Petersen and Flore Vavourakis8 River rights: exploring how river personhood could connect to EU riverlaws 112Cathy Suykens, Katie O’Bryan, and Erin O’Donnell9 Participatory rights and access to justice: water and the Aarhus Conventionin the EU 137Jerzy Jendrośka10 European basin organizations in the context of climate-induced conflictrisks 157Susanne Schmeier and Gábor BaranyaiPART III  THE SUBSTANTIVE WATER LEGAL LANDSCAPESECTION 1 RESTORATION AND PRESERVATION OF WATER RESOURCES11 Goals of the Water Framework Directive: prevent deterioration and protect,enhance and restore ecological status 180Moritz Reese12 Environmental quality standards for water and the long road towardsachieving good chemical status for surface water 209Henrik Josefsson13 Planning: management cycles and implications for industrial permits 234Lasse Baaner14 Monitoring, compliance and enforcement: the Water Framework Directive 249Oda Essens15 Cost recovery as a water policy principle 266Petra Lindhout16 The regulation of groundwater in EU Law: the Groundwater Directives 283Henrik Josefsson17 The marine environment and coastal zones: the Marine Strategy Directiveand marine planning 306David Langlet18 The Drinking Water Directive 326Jasper van Kempen19 Safe bathing water 342Susanne Wuijts, Ciska Schets, and Marleen van RijswickSECTION 2 REGULATING PRESSURES AND RISKS20 Flood risk management in Europe: a deep dive into the Floods Directive 355Willemijn van Doorn-Hoekveld and Frank Groothuijse21 Water scarcity and drought risk management in the EU: towards an EUWater Scarcity and Droughts Directive? 368Marchien van Steinvoorn and Herman Kasper Gilissen22 Circular water management: wastewater and water reuse 385Annalies Outhuijse and Dafne van der Kraan23 The regulation of polluting substances in relation to EU water law 401Valérie van ‘t LamPART IV  WATER-NEXUSES24 Water and agricultural pollution 422Helle Tegner Anker25 Reconciling flood-risk management with nature protection law: thepromise of nature-based solutions 443Anne Lansink and Bente de Leeuw26 Water and land use: role and scope of EU legislation 467Juliane Albrecht and Thomas Hartmann27 The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and EU Taxonomy: awaterproof European plan for the energy transition? Zooming in on thewater–energy nexus 482Cathy Suykens, Kelly Verreth, and Leonie ReinsPART V  APPROACHES TO IMPROVING WATER GOVERNANCE28 Nature-based solutions in sustainable water governance 506Froukje Maria Platjouw, Maximilian Nawrath, Isabel Seifert-Dähnn,Line Johanne Barkved, and Ingvild Skumlien Furuseth29 Social-ecological systems approach to water: resilience and adaptivity inwater management, governance and law 529Niko Soininen and Marleen van Rijswick30 Water and spatial planning: exploring governance synergies in theNetherlands – a case study and lessons for the EU 548Liping Dai31 Water law, water management and water governance: towards amultidisciplinary approach ensuring coherence, adaptiveness, andeffectiveness 566Susanne Wuijts, Peter Driessen, and Marleen van RijswickIndex 586

‘The Handbook offers an outstanding, comprehensive analysis of contemporary challenges and innovative governance solutions in EU water law and policy. It is an essential resource for scholars, policymakers, legal practitioners, and environmental professionals seeking to understand and address the complexities of water management in Europe.’