Dr Bijan Rouhani is a Researcher on the EAMENA Project at Oxford University.Dr Bill Finlayson is Director of the EAMENA Project at Oxford University.Dr Tim Clack is Associate Professor at the School of Archaeology an School of Anthropology at Oxford University.

• List of Contributors Introduction: Can Reporting Heritage Destruction Be a Double-Edged-Sword? – Bijan Rouhani, Bill Finlayson and Timothy Clack SECTION I.  WHO OWNS AND VALUES CULTURAL HERITAGE?Chapter 1. Heritage Without People: On the Search for New Forms of History Written by the People – Ammar AzzouzChapter 2. What Role for International Institutions in Promoting People-Led Heritage? – Elly Harrowell and Aparna TandonChapter 3. The Perils of Endangerment: Reflections on Mapping Africa’s Endangered Archaeological Sites and Monuments – Paul J. Lane, Stefania Merlo, and the MAEASaM Project Team MembersChapter 4. Intentional Heritage Destruction: Feminist Perspectives on Gender, Voice, and Norms – Eleanor Childs Chapter 5. Underwater Cultural Heritage: A Weapon for Political Deception and Psychological Operations – Elena Perez-AlvaroChapter 6. The Role of Iraq’s Post-Conflict Legal Systems in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Protecting or Endangering? – Kristen Barrett-Casey  SECTION II. CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A HUMAN RIGHTChapter 7. A Human Rights Approach to the Protection of Cultural Heritage – Karima BennouneChapter 8. Heritage and Genocide: The Role of Cultural Property Protection in the Prevention of Crimes Against Humanity – Jessica L. WagnerChapter 9. Rohingya Narratives Beyond Victimhood: Responses to Reporting on Heritage Destruction – Saqib Sheikh and Carolyn Morris Chapter 10. Destructive Nostalgia: Whose Heritage? A Critical Review of Urbicide and the Politics of Cultural Erasure – Ashish MakanadarChapter 11. Reporting Heritage Destruction or Reclaiming the Collective Asset? An Experience of Shiraz – Mona Azarnoush Chapter 12. From the Frontlines to the Headlines or Headlines to the Frontlines? Some Observations on the Implications of Media Reporting of the Destruction of Cultural Heritage in War – Timothy Clack SECTION III. MEDIA REPORTING AND HERITAGE DESTRUCTION Chapter 13. Cultural Destruction as a Weapon of War – Sebastian UsherChapter 14. Sowing Salt and Cultivating Fear: Examining Patterns in Reporting Cultural Heritage Destruction from Ancient Times to the Digital Age – Bijan Rouhani Chapter 15. State vs. Non-State Led Media: A Comparative Study of Reporting Cultural Heritage Destruction in Egypt – Mohamed W. FareedChapter 16. Cultural Heritage in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988): The Unreported Legacy of a Protracted War – Bijan Rouhani and Bill FinlaysonChapter 17. Cultural Heritage Intelligence and Human Security: Exercise HORIZON STRIKE – Mark Dunkley Chapter 18. #Hashtaggingheritage: An Exploration of South Asian Social Media Landscapes and Heritage – Afifa Khan, Mou Sarmah, Vaneshree Vidyarthi, Rebecca Roberts and Cameron A. PetrieChapter 19. From Darkness to Dawn: Cultural Heritage Restoration in Tigray, Ethiopia’s Conflict Zone – Alula Tesfay Asfha Chapter 20. Endangered Cultural Heritage in Northern Nigeria Amidst Terrorism: Myths, Mistakes, and Misunderstanding – Favour Chukwuemeka UrokoChapter 21. Heritage Destruction and its Preservation as a Legitimising Tool in The Russian Media – Thomas Richard OXFORD RECOMMENDATIONS ON REPORTING HERITAGE DESTRUCTIONOxford Recommendations on Reporting Heritage Destruction

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