Renewable Energy Technologies for Low-Carbon Development

Dr. Chunbao Du is an associate professor at Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, China. Prof. Yuan Cheng worked at Monash University in Australia as a full Professor. Prof. Gang Zhang is a fellow of the Institution of Physics (IOP). He joined the Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC) of Singapore in February 2013 and is now senior principal scientist.

• Editors Bio Section xiiiPreface xvAcknowledgments xvii1 Thermoelectric Power Generators and Their Applications 1Jianxu Shi and Ke Wang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Principles of Thermoelectric Conversion 11.2.1 Seebeck Effect 11.2.2 Peltier Effect 21.2.3 Thomson Effect 31.2.4 Evaluation Indicators for Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 31.3 Thermoelectric Materials 41.3.1 Traditional Thermoelectric Materials 41.3.2 Half-Heusler Alloys 61.3.3 2D Thermoelectric Materials 71.3.4 Thermoelectric Liquid Materials 91.4 Preparation of Thermoelectric Materials 101.5 Thermoelectric Devices and Their Applications 151.5.1 Conventional Devices 151.5.2 Miniature Devices 161.5.3 Flexible Devices 181.6 Conclusions and Outlook 20Acknowledgment 20References 202 Application of Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells 27Tongsiliu Wu2.1 Introduction 272.1.1 Background 272.1.2 Mechanisms and Structure of OSCs 282.1.3 Advantages of Adding Nanomaterials 302.2 Application of Carbon Materials in OSCs 332.2.1 Allotropes of Carbon Materials 332.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 342.2.3 Graphene 362.2.4 Fullerene Receptors and Non-fullerene Receptors 382.3 Application of Silver Nanowire-based Nanoarrays in OSCs 432.3.1 Influence of Nanomicrostructure 432.3.2 Silver Nanowires 452.4 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 472.5 Conclusions 48References 483 Advances in Low-temperature Na-ion Battery Energy Storage 55Meng Li, Kuan Wang, Qihang Jing, Xuan Yang, Chenxiang Li, Zhou Liao, Dongsheng Geng, and Biwei Xiao3.1 Introduction 553.2 LT NIB Cathode Materials 563.2.1 Polyanion 573.2.2 Layered TMO 593.2.3 Prussian Blue and Its Analogues 623.3 LT NIB Anode Materials 633.3.1 Interleaved Reaction Storage Na Negative Electrode 643.3.2 Alloyed Na Storage Anode 663.3.3 Transformation-type Na Storage Negative Electrode 683.4 LT Organic Electrolyte Research 703.4.1 LT Solvent Exploration 713.4.2 Selection of Electrolyte Salts 733.4.3 Electrolyte Additives 753.5 Summary and Outlook 77References 794 Thermochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Solar Energy Utilization 89Ruolan Hu, Lihui Zhang, Wei Deng, Bo Tong, and Yong Zhao4.1 Introduction 894.2 Materials/Chemical Reactions and Systems for TCES Technology 914.2.1 Gas-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 924.2.1.1 Organics Reforming, Decomposition and Gasification 924.2.1.2 Ammonia Synthesis/Dissociation 954.2.1.3 Sulfur-based Reactions 964.2.2 Solid-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 974.2.2.1 Carbonates Calcination/Carbonation 974.2.2.2 Hydroxides Dehydration/Hydration 1014.2.2.3 Metal Hydrides Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation 1044.2.2.4 Metal Oxides Oxidation/Reduction 1074.2.3 Liquid-Gas TCES Materials/Reactions and Systems 1114.2.3.1 Isopropanol Dehydrogenation/Hydrogenation 1114.2.3.2 Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate Synthesis/Dissociation 1124.3 Solar Receivers/Reactors for TCES Systems 1124.3.1 Gas-Gas TCES Receivers/Reactors 1134.3.1.1 Solar Methane Reforming Receivers/Reactors 1134.3.1.2 Solar Methane Decomposition Receivers/Reactors 1184.3.1.3 Solar Ammonia Dissociation/Synthesis Receivers/Reactors 1204.3.1.4 Solar Sulfur-based Cycle Receivers/Reactors 1234.3.2 Solid-Gas TCES Receivers/Reactors 1244.3.2.1 Fixed/Packed Bed Receivers/Reactors 1244.3.2.2 Fluidized Bed Receivers/Reactors 1294.3.2.3 Moving Bed Receivers/Reactors 1314.4 Conclusion 135Acknowledgment 137Conflict of Interest 137References 1375 Recent Progress in Triboelectric Nanogenerators and New Challenges 161Rong Xue and Xiaojia Wei5.1 Introduction 1615.2 Recent Research on Potential Mechanism and Four Working Modes of Teng 1625.2.1 Recent Research on Potential Mechanism 1625.2.2 CS Mode 1635.2.3 LS-Mode 1655.2.4 SE-Mode 1685.2.5 FT-mode 1715.3 Conclusion 174Conflict of Interest 174References 1746 Wind Turbine Blades in Wind Power Generation: Manufacturing, Recovery and Reuse 181Zichun Feng, Chunbao Du, Bingjia Wang, Baoli Li, and Gang Zhang6.1 Introduction 1816.2 Recycling of Waste WTBs 1826.2.1 Manufacturing of WTBs 1836.2.2 Burial and Incineration 1836.2.3 Physical Recovery Method 1846.2.4 Chemical Recovery Methods 1846.2.4.1 Supercritical Fluid Degradation Method 1846.2.4.2 Solvent Dissolution Method 1866.2.5 Thermal Recovery Methods 1876.2.5.1 High Temperature Pyrolysis Recovery 1876.2.5.2 Fluidized Bed Method 1896.2.5.3 Microwave Pyrolysis Method 1906.2.6 Electrochemical Recovery Treatment Method 1916.2.7 Energy Recovery Method 1936.3 Application Procedure for WTBs after Recycling 1936.3.1 Local Post-cut Reuse 1936.3.2 Reuse after Crushing 1946.4 Future Direction of WTB Improvement 196Conflict of Interest 198References 1987 Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells 205Shichao Ding, Zhaoyuan Lyu, Yu Meng, Yuehe lin, and Jin-Cheng li7.1 Introduction 2057.2 Classification 2077.2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 2087.2.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 2107.2.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 2117.3 Electrocatalysts 2117.3.1 Noble Metal-Based Catalysts 2127.3.1.1 Low Pt Catalysts 2137.3.1.2 Pt-alloy with Carbon Support 2147.3.2 Non-precious-metal Catalysts 2177.3.2.1 Transition Metal Oxide-based Catalysts 2177.3.2.2 Metal-N-C-based Catalysts 2187.3.3 Non-metal-based Catalyst 2217.3.3.1 N-doped Carbon-based Catalysts 2217.3.3.2 Other Heteroatom-doped Catalysts 2237.4 Future Outlook 2247.5 Conclusion 225Acknowledgments 225Conflict of Interest 226References 2268 Carbon Fiber in Renewable Energy Development 233Guoqing Xu, Tong Li, Feixiang Wang, Zhiqiang Duan, and Yimin Jing8.1 Introduction 2338.2 Carbon Fiber Classification: Pitch-Based, Viscose Based, PAN Based 2348.3 Application of Carbon Fiber 2368.4 Application of Carbon Fiber in Wind Power 2378.5 Application of Carbon Fiber in the Photovoltaic Industry 2398.5.1 Heating Field 2398.5.2 Photovoltaic Cell Carrier Board 2418.6 Application of Carbon Fiber in the Hydrogen Production Industry 2438.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 2438.6.2 Application of Activated Carbon Fiber in Hydrogen Storage Technology 2458.7 Redox Fluid Flow Batteries 2468.8 Phase Change Energy Storage 2478.9 Biofuel Cells 2488.10 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 2498.11 Recycling of Carbon Fiber 2508.12 Summary 253References 2539 Sustainable Carbon Nanofluids of Petroleum Extraction 257Chunbao Du and Yuan Cheng9.1 Introduction 2579.2 Carbon Nanofluids for EOR 2599.2.1 Graphene-based Nanofluid 2599.2.2 CNTs-based Nanofluid 2629.2.3 GO-based Nanofluid 2659.2.4 QDs-based Nanofluid 2699.3 Influencing Factors of Carbon Nanofluids on EOR 2729.4 Mechanisms 2749.4.1 Wettability 2749.4.2 Interfacial Tension 2749.4.3 Separation Pressure 2759.4.4 Mobility Ratio 2759.5 Emerging Trends and Future Outlook 2759.6 Conclusions 277Acknowledgment 277Conflict of Interest 277References 27710 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Chemical Conversion into Fuels 283Yanan Zhu10.1 Introduction 28310.2 CO 2 Capture 28410.2.1 Technologies for CO 2 Capture 28410.2.1.1 Pre-combustion Carbon Capture Technology 28410.2.1.2 Oxy-fuel Combustion Carbon Capture Technology 28510.2.1.3 Post-combustion Carbon Capture Technology 28610.2.2 Materials for CO 2 Capture 28610.2.2.1 Porous Organic Polymers 28710.2.2.2 Metal-organic Frameworks 28810.2.2.3 Carbon Materials 29010.3 Chemical Conversion of CO 2 into Fuels 29210.3.1 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Catalytic Hydrogenation 29310.3.2 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Photocatalysis 29510.3.3 CO 2 Conversion into Fuels by Electrocatalysis 29710.4 Conclusions 299Acknowledgment 299Conflict of Interest 299References 299Index 307