This Research in the Sociology of Organizations volume offers innovative theoretical and methodological contributions to research on MNEs. We are living in extraordinary times – marked by shifting geopolitics, rising nationalism, rapid advances in artificial intelligence, and other transformative forces – that are reshaping MNEs both internally and externally. In response, it is crucial for researchers to reconceptualize and rethink how we study MNEs as complex, dynamic organizations. This Research in the Sociology of Organizations volume contributes to that effort by introducing the transnational social space perspective, offering valuable insights into the evolving role of MNEs in addressing grand societal challenges. It also fosters critical reflection on the future of MNEs in a rapidly changing world.