Berta García Orosa is a Full Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) (Spain). She holds a PhD in Communication Sciences from the same university and has studied communication and politics for more than 20 years.Rubén Rivas de Roca is Assistant Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. He holds a PhD in Communication with international mention from the interuniversity program of the universities of Cadiz, Huelva, Malaga and Seville.Alberto Quian is Assistant Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela and member of the Novos research group. He holds a PhD in Media Research from Carlos III University of Madrid (UC3M).Sara Pérez Seijo is Associate Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. She holds a PhD in Communication and is a member of the Novos Medios research group.Ana Isabel Rodríguez Vázquez holds a PhD in Communication from the University of Santiago de Compostela. She was the Dean of the Faculty of Communication Sciences at the same university (2022-2026).Noel Pascual Presa holds a PhD in Communication from USC and is a researcher and member of the Novos Medios research group.Tania Forja Pena is a PhD candidate in Communication at USC and member of the Novos Medios research group.Beatriz Gutiérrez Caneda holds a PhD in Communication from USC and is a member of the Novos Medios research group.

• Chapter 1: An introduction to the nature of the public sphere.- Chapter 2: Evolution of the digital media since its inception and its place in the public sphere.- Chapter 3: A double-edged sword: Social media’s role in contemporary political communication.- Chapter 4: Democratization and Disinformation: The Dual Face of TikTok in a New Digital Era.- Chapter 5: Digital journalism with gender perspective: Case study of Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Spain.- Chapter 6: The discourse of AI governance in the European Union: framing risk and responsibility in the “AI Act” proposal and its media coverage.- Chapter 7: Young people, social platforms and disinformation: the experience of getting informed via TikTok.- Chapter 8: AI, journalism and audiences: the risks of a polarised society.- Chapter 9: The Deepfake Dilemma: Understanding AI-Driven Disinformation Patterns and Fact-Checking Responses in IberoAmerica.- Chapter 10: Empowering Users to Navigate and Mitigate Biases in Search Results.- Chapter 11: Like a kid with a new toy: Ethics, advantages and mistakes of media literacy using AI.- Chapter 12: Algorithmic Communication in Academic Libraries: The Intersection of AI, Human Mediation, and Epistemic Authority.- Chapter 13: Usenet Revisited: Lessons from a Citizen-Driven Network in the Era of Platformization.- Chapter 14: Journalistic Media on the TOR Network: Use of .onion Services Against Digital Surveillance and Censorship.- Chapter 15: Fediverse: Building Communities and Connections in Federated, Open, Free, and Decentralized Networks for Media and Journalists.- Chapter 16: Decentralization, Interoperability, and Digital Sovereignty: Weaving New Connections in the Digital Public Sphere.

Berta García Orosa is a Full Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) (Spain). She holds a PhD in Communication Sciences from the same university and has studied communication and politics for more than 20 years.Rubén Rivas de Roca is Assistant Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. He holds a PhD in Communication with international mention from the interuniversity program of the universities of Cadiz, Huelva, Malaga and Seville.Alberto Quian is Assistant Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela and member of the Novos research group. He holds a PhD in Media Research from Carlos III University of Madrid (UC3M).Sara Pérez Seijo is Associate Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. She holds a PhD in Communication and is a member of the Novos Medios research group.Ana Isabel Rodríguez Vázquez holds a PhD in Communication from the University of Santiago de Compostela. She was the Dean of the Faculty of Communication Sciences at the same university (2022-2026).Noel Pascual Presa holds a PhD in Communication from USC and is a researcher and member of the Novos Medios research group.Tania Forja Pena is a PhD candidate in Communication at USC and member of the Novos Medios research group.Beatriz Gutiérrez Caneda holds a PhD in Communication from USC and is a member of the Novos Medios research group.

• Chapter 1: An introduction to the nature of the public sphere.- Chapter 2: Evolution of the digital media since its inception and its place in the public sphere.- Chapter 3: A double-edged sword: Social media’s role in contemporary political communication.- Chapter 4: Democratization and Disinformation: The Dual Face of TikTok in a New Digital Era.- Chapter 5: Digital journalism with gender perspective: Case study of Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Spain.- Chapter 6: The discourse of AI governance in the European Union: framing risk and responsibility in the “AI Act” proposal and its media coverage.- Chapter 7: Young people, social platforms and disinformation: the experience of getting informed via TikTok.- Chapter 8: AI, journalism and audiences: the risks of a polarised society.- Chapter 9: The Deepfake Dilemma: Understanding AI-Driven Disinformation Patterns and Fact-Checking Responses in IberoAmerica.- Chapter 10: Empowering Users to Navigate and Mitigate Biases in Search Results.- Chapter 11: Like a kid with a new toy: Ethics, advantages and mistakes of media literacy using AI.- Chapter 12: Algorithmic Communication in Academic Libraries: The Intersection of AI, Human Mediation, and Epistemic Authority.- Chapter 13: Usenet Revisited: Lessons from a Citizen-Driven Network in the Era of Platformization.- Chapter 14: Journalistic Media on the TOR Network: Use of .onion Services Against Digital Surveillance and Censorship.- Chapter 15: Fediverse: Building Communities and Connections in Federated, Open, Free, and Decentralized Networks for Media and Journalists.- Chapter 16: Decentralization, Interoperability, and Digital Sovereignty: Weaving New Connections in the Digital Public Sphere.

Berta García Orosa is a Full Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) (Spain). She holds a PhD in Communication Sciences from the same university and has studied communication and politics for more than 20 years.Rubén Rivas de Roca is Assistant Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. He holds a PhD in Communication with international mention from the interuniversity program of the universities of Cadiz, Huelva, Malaga and Seville.Alberto Quian is Assistant Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela and member of the Novos research group. He holds a PhD in Media Research from Carlos III University of Madrid (UC3M).Sara Pérez Seijo is Associate Professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. She holds a PhD in Communication and is a member of the Novos Medios research group.Ana Isabel Rodríguez Vázquez holds a PhD in Communication from the University of Santiago de Compostela. She was the Dean of the Faculty of Communication Sciences at the same university (2022-2026).Noel Pascual Presa holds a PhD in Communication from USC and is a researcher and member of the Novos Medios research group.Tania Forja Pena is a PhD candidate in Communication at USC and member of the Novos Medios research group.Beatriz Gutiérrez Caneda holds a PhD in Communication from USC and is a member of the Novos Medios research group.

• Chapter 1: An introduction to the nature of the public sphere.- Chapter 2: Evolution of the digital media since its inception and its place in the public sphere.- Chapter 3: A double-edged sword: Social media’s role in contemporary political communication.- Chapter 4: Democratization and Disinformation: The Dual Face of TikTok in a New Digital Era.- Chapter 5: Digital journalism with gender perspective: Case study of Colombia, Puerto Rico, and Spain.- Chapter 6: The discourse of AI governance in the European Union: framing risk and responsibility in the “AI Act” proposal and its media coverage.- Chapter 7: Young people, social platforms and disinformation: the experience of getting informed via TikTok.- Chapter 8: AI, journalism and audiences: the risks of a polarised society.- Chapter 9: The Deepfake Dilemma: Understanding AI-Driven Disinformation Patterns and Fact-Checking Responses in IberoAmerica.- Chapter 10: Empowering Users to Navigate and Mitigate Biases in Search Results.- Chapter 11: Like a kid with a new toy: Ethics, advantages and mistakes of media literacy using AI.- Chapter 12: Algorithmic Communication in Academic Libraries: The Intersection of AI, Human Mediation, and Epistemic Authority.- Chapter 13: Usenet Revisited: Lessons from a Citizen-Driven Network in the Era of Platformization.- Chapter 14: Journalistic Media on the TOR Network: Use of .onion Services Against Digital Surveillance and Censorship.- Chapter 15: Fediverse: Building Communities and Connections in Federated, Open, Free, and Decentralized Networks for Media and Journalists.- Chapter 16: Decentralization, Interoperability, and Digital Sovereignty: Weaving New Connections in the Digital Public Sphere.