Donald A. Schön, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

• Contents: Professional Knowledge and Reflection-in-Action: The crisis of confidence in professional knowledge; From technical rationality to reflection-in-action. Professional Contexts for Reflection-in-Action: Design as a reflective conversation with the situation; Psychotherapy: The patient as a universe of one; The structure of reflection-in-action; Reflective practice in the science-based professions; Town planning: Limits to reflection-in-action; The art of managing: Reflection-in-action within an organizational learning system; Patterns and limits of reflection-in-action across the professions. Conclusion: Implications for the professions and their place in society.

’An important contribution to the literature of planning theory and practice. The Reflective Practitioner offers much food for thought about how planning should be taught and practiced.’ Judith I deNeufville, American Planning Association Journal, USA ’Clarifies the struggle between art and science in the professional manager’s thought process. It is also well written.’ Harvard Business Review