Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G and Beyond Wireless Networks

Agbotiname Lucky Imoize is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Communication Engineering, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Dinh-Thuan Do, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Computer and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Mount Union, Ohio, USA.

• About the Editors xxiiiAbout the Contributors xxvPreface xxxixAcknowledgments xliIntroduction xliii1 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems: Baseband Processing Perspective 1Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, and Helen Sheeba John Kennedy1.1 Introduction 11.2 RelatedWork 41.3 Comprehensive Overview of RIS 71.4 Characterization of RIS 111.5 Results and Discussions 211.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 272 Emerging Applications and Potential Use Cases of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Wireless Communication Systems 33Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Anjana Babu Sujatha, Suganthi Evangeline Chakkaravarthy, Dipinkrishnan Rayaroth, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Narushan Pillay, Arthi Murugadass, and Vishnu Vardhan Gudla2.1 Introduction 332.2 Use Cases of RIS 362.3 RIS Applications 502.4 Challenges and Research Trends 592.5 Conclusions 613 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G: A Comprehensive Overview and Electromagnetic Analysis 71Suganthi Evangeline Chakkaravarthy, Dipinkrishnan Rayaroth, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Vetrivel Chelian Thirumavalavan, Rajeshkumar Venkatesan, Arthi Murugadass, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize3.1 Introduction 713.2 Overview of RIS 753.3 EM Analysis of RIS 893.4 Impact of Mutual Coupling in RIS 923.5 Impact of Spatial Correlation in RIS 933.6 Results and Discussion 1013.7 Conclusions 1064 Spectral Efficiency and Rate Fairness for RIS-Aided Multiuser Massive MIMO System 113Rafael Augusto Pedriali, Wilson de Souza Junior, and Taufik Abrao4.1 Introduction 1134.2 Fundamental Concepts 1184.3 Methodology 1364.4 Numerical Results 1484.5 Conclusions 1625 Performance Optimization of Multiple RIS-Assisted Multiuser MIMO Communication Systems 169Francisco Ruben Castillo Soria, Roilhi Frajo Ibarra-Hernandez, Carlos Adrian Gutierrez Diaz de Leon, Abel Garcia Barrientos, Sharon Macias-Velasquez, and Jose Alberto del Puerto-Flores5.1 Introduction 1695.2 RelatedWork 1715.3 N-RIS-assisted MU-MIMO System Model 1735.4 Blind RISs and Optimized Transmission 1765.5 System Performance Results 1805.6 Artificial Intelligence in RIS-assisted MU-MIMO Systems 1865.7 Future Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities 1955.8 Conclusion 1966 Analytical Phase Shift and Amplitude Element Optimization for Energy-Efficient Active RIS-Aided Massive MIMO Systems 201Wilson de Souza Junior, Jose Carlos Marinello Filho, and Taufik Abrao6.1 Introduction 2016.2 RelatedWorks 2056.3 General System Model for RIS-aided M-MIMO 2116.4 Optimization Techniques 2186.5 Problem Formulation 2216.6 Proposed Solution 2226.7 Numerical Results 2286.7.1 Efficiency of the Proposed Algorithm 2286.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 2337 Element Grouping in IRS-Aided Wireless Communication System 243Samarendra Nath Sur, Huu Quy Tran, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize7.1 Introduction 2437.2 Element Grouping 2467.3 Mathematical Model 2527.4 Results 2607.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 2648 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Empowered Non-orthogonal Multiple Access: Outage and ABER Analysis of Smart and Blind Transmissions 271Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Anjana Babu Sujatha, Helen Sheeba John Kennedy, Francisco Ruben Castillo Soria, Dinh-Thuan Do, Velmurugan Periyakarupan Gurusamy Sivabalan, Thiruvengadam Sundarrajan Jayaraman, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, Vishnu Vardhan Gudla, and Arthi Murugadass8.1 Introduction 2718.2 RelatedWorks 2748.3 RIS-AP-NOMA 2778.4 Analytical Model 2788.5 Discussions on Simulations 2858.6 Conclusions 2969 Convergence of RIS with Emerging Wireless Technologies 301Mehmet Bilim, Nuri Kapucu, Yasin Kabalci, and Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu9.1 Introduction 3019.2 RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems 3029.3 Theoretical Analysis of RIS-Assisted Systems 321  10 A Survey on RIS for 6G-IoT Wireless Positioning and Localization 335Vivek Menon Unnikrishnan, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Nivetha Baskar, Vinoth Kumar Chandra Babu, Rajeshkumar Venkatesan, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Sunil Chinnadurai, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize10.1 Introduction 33510.2 Role of RIS-Assisted IoT Networks inWireless Positioning and Localization 33810.3 Localization Principles and RIS-Aided Localization Algorithms 34810.4 State-of-the-Art Research on Positioning and Localization with the Assistance of RIS in 6G-IoT 35410.5 Potential Challenges of RIS-Aided 6G-IoT for Wireless Positioning and Localization 36210.6 Future Research Directions 36510.7 Conclusions 36811 Security and Privacy Issues in RIS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 377Nivetha Baskar, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Vivek Menon Unnikrishnan, Vinoth Kumar Chandra Babu, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Vetriveeran Rajamani, Sunil Chinnadurai, and Md. Abdul Latif Sarker11.1 Introduction 37711.2 RelatedWork 38011.3 Ensuring Security and Privacy in 6G Applications Assisted by RIS 38111.4 Various Threats and Attacks in RIS-Supported Wireless Systems 38811.5 Secure Physical Layer Networks for RIS-Assisted System 39411.6 Conclusions and Future Scope 39812 AI and ML Techniques for Intelligent Power Control in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 405Ammar Summaq, Mukkara Prasanna Kumar, Sunil Chinnadurai, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, and Agbotiname Lucky Imoize12.1 Introduction 40512.2 RelatedWork 40812.3 DRL Algorithms for RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication Systems 41312.4 Proposed Method for Intelligent Power Control 41912.5 Results and Analysis 42512.6 Discussions 42612.7 Limitations of the Survey 42712.8 Critical Lessons Learned 42712.9 Conclusion 42812.10 Future Scope 42813 An Overview of Channel Modeling and Propagation Measurements in IRS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 435Mukkara Prasanna Kumar, Ammar Summaq, Sunil Chinnadurai, Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu, Poongundran Selvaprabhu, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize, and Gaurav Jaiswal13.1 Introduction 43513.2 RelatedWork 43813.3 IRS Technology and Its Fundamental Principles 44013.4 Channel Modeling and Propagation Measurements for Communication Systems 44113.5 IRS Channel Modeling 44813.6 Limitations of the Survey 46413.7 Critical Lessons Learned 46513.8 Potential Challenges of Propagation Measurements and Channel Modeling 46513.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 46614 Deep Reinforcement Algorithms in RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 475Dang Ngoc Thien Nguyen14.1 Introduction 47514.2 RelatedWorks 47714.3 What is Deep Reinforcement Learning? 48014.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for RIS-Empowered Wireless Communication Systems 48914.5 Limitations and Key Takeaways 49314.6 Conclusion 49415 Examining Physical Layer Security for RIS-Aided Wireless Communication Systems 499Tuan Minh La, Hieu Tri Nguyen, and Khoi Nguyen Phan15.1 Introduction 49915.2 RelatedWorks 50115.3 Fundamentals of PLS, RIS, and IoT 50415.4 RIS-Aided PLS 50915.5 Mathematical Analysis of PLS in an RIS-Aided NOMA Network 51615.6 Limitations and Key Takeaways 51915.7 Conclusion 52016 RIS-Empowered Terrestrial and Non-terrestrial Wireless Communication Systems 525Unwana Macaulay Ekpe16.1 Introduction 52516.2 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces 52716.3 RIS-Empowered Terrestrial Communication Systems 53016.4 RIS-Empowered Non-Terrestrial Communication Systems 54016.5 Lessons Learned and Future Research Direction 54716.6 Conclusion 54817 Energy Efficiency and Optimization of RIS-Based Wireless Communication Systems 551Kien Ho, Minh Dang Nguyen, Minh Tuan Pham, Hung Gia Truong, and Arjun Chakravarthi Pogaku17.1 Introduction 55117.2 Optimization for RIS-Based Transmission 55517.3 Cooperative RIS 55917.4 Optimization for RIS-Assisted Beamforming 56317.5 RIS Partitioning 57117.6 Simulation Results of Multiple RISs Systems 57417.7 Discussion 57717.8 Conclusion 577References 578Index 583