The Real Mound Builders of North America takes the standard position that the cultural communities of the Late Woodland period hiatus—when little or no transregional monumental mound building and ceremonialism existed—were the linear cultural and social ancestors of the communities responsible for the monumental earthworks of the unique Mississippian ceremonial assemblage, and further, these Late Woodland communities were the direct linear cultural and social descendants of those communities responsible for the great Hopewellian earthwork mounds and embankments and its associated unique ceremonial assemblage. Byers argues that these communities persisted largely unchanged in terms of their essential social structures and cultural traditions while varying only in terms of their ceremonial practices and their associated sodality organizations that manifested these deep structures. This continuist historical trajectory view stands in contrast to the current dominant evolutionary view that emphasizes abrupt social and cultural discontinuities with the Hopewellian ceremonial assemblage and earthworks, mounds and embankments.
A. Martin Byers was CEGEP professor at Vanier College and research associate at McGill University.
Introduction: Continuist and Discontinuist HistoriesChapter 1: The Incomplete Debunking of the Mound Builder MythologyChapter 2: Unitary Polities and Dual Heterarchies: Apprehending Social Systems from Alternative Perspectives Chapter 3: The Dual Complementary Heterarchical Community/Cult Sodality Heterarchy ModelChapter 4: The Symbolic Pragmatic Model of Style and the Custodial Franchising of Sacred BundlesChapter 5: The World Renewal Mortuary Model: The Postmortem Human Sacrificial ChaîneOpératoire Mortuary TrajectoryChapter 6: Settlement, Subsistence, and Ceremonialism: The Deontic Ecology of the Prehistoric Eastern WoodlandsChapter 7: The Dissolution of a Transregional Second-Order Hopewellian Ceremonial SphereChapter 8: Community Polities or Dual Heterarchies: Extreme Displaced Mortuary Depositionsand Demonstrating the “Best Fit” TruthChapter 9: The Emergence of the Complementary Heterarchical Chiefdom Community: Singular-Selective Candidature PracticeChapter 10: The Emergence of Vacant Quarters and the Late Prehistoric Period→Post-Late Prehistoric Period TransitionChapter 11: The Lower Chattahoochee River Valley: A Primary Southeastern MississippianCeremonial SphereChapter 12: The Late Prehistoric Period Savannah River Valley: A First-Order SouthernAppalachian Complicated-Stamped Ceremonial SphereChapter 13: The Etowah Site of the Etowah River Valley Late Prehistoric Period:Paramount Chiefdom Polity or Dispersed Third-Order Cult Sodality Heterarchy?Chapter 14: The Formation and Transformation of Mound C of the Etowah SiteConclusion: The Real Mound Builder Social World
Byers is the most innovative and audacious scholar of eastern North American prehistory, and in this volume, he proposes the archaeological equivalent of a Grand Unified Theory of the Hopewellian and Mississippian ceremonial spheres. It’s a radical idea that may open the door to a new understanding of these ancient cultures.