Reading Philosophy

Samuel Guttenplan is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, retiring after nearly 35 years in Birkbeck's philosophy department. Professor Guttenplan was the founding Executive Editor of the interdisciplinary journal Mind & Languagein 1986 and he served in that capacity for five and then sixteen years from 2000, continuing now as an Editor. His research interests include the philosophies of mind, language, philosophical logic, and ethics. Jennifer Hornsby is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. She is Emeritus Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and a Fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, of the British Academy, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Christopher Janaway is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southampton. He is general editor of the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Schopenhauer, and has published widely in the history of philosophy, particularly on Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, and in aesthetics. John Schwenkler is Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Florida State University. He is the author of Anscombe's 'Intention': A Guide. Professor Schwenkler's research is in the philosophy of mind and action, ethics, epistemology, and cognitive science.

• Prefaces to First and Second Edition ixSources and Acknowledgements xiiiIntroduction 11 Doubt 7Introduction to the Problem 7Introduction to Descartes 8Rene Descartes, ‘First Meditation: What Can Be Called into Doubt’ 9Commentary on Descartes 12Introduction to Moore 17G. E. Moore, ‘Proof of an External World’ (extracts) 18Commentary on Moore 212 Self 27Introduction to the Problem 27Introduction to Descartes 28Rene Descartes, ‘Second Meditation: Of the Nature of the Human Mind…’ (extract) 29Commentary on Descartes 32Introduction to Ryle 35Gilbert Ryle, ‘Descartes’ Myth’ 36Commentary on Ryle 453 Tragedy 51Introduction to the Problem 51Introduction to Hume 52David Hume, ‘Of Tragedy’ 53Commentary on Hume 58Introduction to Feagin 63Susan L. Feagin, ‘The Pleasures of Tragedy’ 64Commentary on Feagin 724 Dilemma 77Introduction to the Problem 77Introduction to Lemmon 80E. J. Lemmon, ‘Moral Dilemmas’ (extract) 80Commentary on Lemmon 85Introduction to Foot 89Philippa Foot, ‘Moral Dilemmas Revisited’ (extracts) 89Commentary on Foot 94Introduction to Nussbaum 100Martha C. Nussbaum, ‘The Costs of Tragedy: Some Moral Limits of Cost‐Benefit Analysis’ (extract) 100Commentary on Nussbaum 1135 Friendship 119Introduction to the Problem 119Introduction to Aristotle 121Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII (extracts) 121Commentary on Aristotle 124Introduction to Stroud 129Sarah Stroud, ‘Epistemic Partiality in Friendship’ (extracts) 129Commentary on Stroud 1426 Equality 149Introduction to the Problem 149Introduction to Williams 150Bernard Williams, ‘The Idea of Equality’ (extracts) 150Commentary on Williams 165Introduction to Nozick 173Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (extracts) 173Commentary on Nozick 1787 Identity 183Introduction to the Problem 183Introduction to Locke 186John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (extracts) 187Commentary on Locke 194Introduction to Williams 199Bernard Williams, ‘The Self and the Future’ 199Commentary on Williams 2138 Freedom 219Introduction to the Problem 219Introduction to Schopenhauer 220Arthur Schopenhauer, Prize Essay on the Freedom of the Will (extracts) 220Commentary on Schopenhauer 233Introduction to Wolf 237Susan Wolf, ‘Asymmetrical Freedom’ (extract) 238Commentary on Wolf 2459 Consciousness 253Introduction to the Problem 253Introduction to Nagel 254Thomas Nagel, ‘What Is It Like to Be a Bat?’ (extracts) 255Commentary on Nagel 262Introduction to Churchland 266Patricia Churchland, ‘The Hornswoggle Problem’ (extracts) 267Commentary on Churchland 27410 Causality 279Introduction to the Problem 279Introduction to Hume 280David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I (extracts from Part III) 282Commentary on Hume 291Introduction to Anscombe 300G. E. M. Anscombe, ‘Causality and Determination’ (extract) 300Commentary on Anscombe 30711 Qualities 313Introduction to Some Problems 313Introduction to Boyle and Locke 315Robert Boyle, The Origin of Forms and Qualities (extracts) 316Commentary on Boyle 318John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (extract from Book II, Chapter VIII) 322Commentary on Locke 328Introduction to Berkeley 332George Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (extracts) 333Commentary on Berkeley 338Further Reading and Resources 345Index 351