Reactions and Mechanisms in Thermal Analysis of Advanced Materials

Dr. Atul Tiwari is a research faculty member in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Hawaii, USA. He has received Ph.D. in Polymer Materials Science along with the bestowed Chartered Chemist and Chartered Scientist status from the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. Dr. Tiwari is an active member of several professional bodies in the UK, USA, and India. Being an organic chemist and mechanical engineer his research work tends to bridge the gap between the science and engineering. Dr. Tiwari has published more than sixty peer reviewed research publications. His area of research interest includes the development of smart materials including silicones, graphene and bio-inspired biomaterials for industrial applications. Dr. Tiwari zeal to develop new materials and has generated six international patented/pending technologies that have been transferred to the industries. He is an active consultant to renowned companies and acts as associate editor of international journals.Baldev Raj is a distinguished scientist and former director of Indira Gandhi Centre of Atomic Research, India. He has pioneered the application of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) for basic research using acoustic and electromagnetic techniques in a variety of materials and components. He is currently President, International Institute of Welding, President, Indian National Academy of Engineering and President-Research PSG Institutions, Coimbatore. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to Prime Minister, Scientific Advisory Council to Cabinet, Nano Mission Council of India and Apex Advisory Committee, Ministry of Human Resources Development. He is Chairman, Board of Governors, IIT, Gandhinagar & NIT, Puduchery.

• Preface xvPart 1: Degradation of Polymers1 Thermal Stability of Organic Monolayers Covalently Grafted on Silicon Surfaces 3Florent Yang, Philippe Allongue, Francois Ozanam and Jean-Noel Chazalviel1.1 Introduction 31.2 Alkyl-Grafted Surfaces 81.3 Alkoxy-Grafted Surfaces 151.4 Surfaces Grafted with Aryl Groups 191.5 Surfaces Grafted via Si–N Linkages 221.6 Summary 27References 302 Thermal Analysis to Discriminate the Stability of Biomedical Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylenes Formulations 39Maria Jose Martinez-Morlanes and Francisco Javier Medel2.1 Introduction 392.2 Suitability of TGA Analysis for the Study of Stability of Medical Polyethylene 422.3 Activation Energies of Degradation Processes in the Thermal Decomposition of UHMWPE 56References 583 Materials Obtained by Solid-State Thermal Decomposition of Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers 63Oana Carp3.1 Introduction 633.2 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers as Precursors of Oxides 653.3 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers as Precursors of Sulfides 723.4 Coordination Compounds as Precursors of Composites 743.5 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers as Precursors of New Complexes 743.6 Coordination Compounds and Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers as Precursor of Metals 753.7 Coordination Compounds as Precursor of Nitrides 763.8 Other Materials 773.9 Conclusions 77References 784 Methods for Limiting the Flammability of High-Density Polyethylene with Magnesium Hydroxide 85Joanna Lenża, Maria Sozańska and Henryk Rydarowski4.1 Introduction 854.2 Experimental Part 884.3 Results and Discussion 914.4 Conclusions 99References 1005 Thermal Analysis in the Study of Polymer (Bio)-degradation 103Joanna Rydz, Marta Musioł and Henryk Janeczek5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 1055.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 1125.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis 1155.5 Conclusions 120Acknowledgments 121References 1216 Thermal and Oxidative Degradation Behavior of Polymers and Nanocomposites 127Gauri Ramasubramanian and Samy Madbouly6.1 Introduction 1276.2 Thermal Degradation 1316.3 Chemical and Oxidative Degradation 1376.4 Photo-oxidation 1436.5 Environmental and Biological Degradation 1486.6 Degradation of Polymer Nanocomposites 1546.7 Conclusions 162References 1627 Thermal Degradation Effects on Polyurethanes and Their Nanocomposites 165Ivan Navarro-Baena, Marina P. Arrieta, Alicia Mujica-Garcia, Valentina Sessini, Jose M. Kenny and Laura Peponi7.1 Introduction 1657.2 Main Techniques Used for Studying the Thermal Degradation Process 1677.3 Degradation Mechanisms 1697.4 Chemical Approaches Used to Improve the Thermal Stability of PU 1717.5 Thermal Degradation of PU Based on Natural Sources 1727.6 Nanocomposites 1747.7 PU Electrospun Fibers 1817.8 Conclusions 184References 1848 Controllable Thermal Degradation of Thermosetting Epoxy Resins 191Zhonggang Wang8.1 Introduction 1918.2 Ester-, Carbamate-, and Carbonate-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 1938.3 Ether-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 1958.4 Phosphate- and Phosphite-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 1968.5 Sulfite-Linked Reworkable Epoxy Resins 204References 2079 Mechanism of Thermal Degradation of Vinylidene Chloride Barrier Polymers 209Bob A. Howell9.1 Introduction 2099.2 Discussion 2109.3 Conclusions 218References 21910 Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Elucidation of Thermal Degradation Mechanisms in Polymeric Materials 221Paola Rizzarelli and Sabrina Carroccio10.1 Introduction 22110.2 Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrometry (TG-MS) 22410.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) 22810.4 Direct Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry (DPMS) 23710.5 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS) 24210.6 Other Mass Spectrometric Techniques 24610.7 Conclusions 249References 25111 The Mechanism of Poly(styrene) Degradation 259Bob A. Howell11.1 Introduction 25911.2 Discussion 26011.3 Conclusions 266References 26612 The Use of Thermal Volatilization Analysis of Polylactic Acid and Its Blends with Starch 269Derval dos Santos Rosa, Claudio Roberto Passatore, and Jose Ricardo Nunes de Macedo12.1 Introduction 26912.2 Use of TVA 27112.3 TVA as an Analytic Technique 27212.4 TVA-PLA Investigation 27412.5 TVA – Thermoplastic Starch 27612.6 Analyses of TVA – PLA and Their Mixtures with Thermoplastic Starch 28012.7 Conclusions 282Acknowledgments 282References 282Part 2: Degradation of Other Materials13 Reaction Mechanisms in Thermal Analysis of Amazon Oilseeds 287Orquidea Vasconcelos dos Santos, Carlos Emmerson and Suzana Caetano da Silva Lannes13.1 Introduction 28713.2 Oxidative Stability 297References 29914 Thermal Degradation of Cellulose and Cellulosic Substrates 301Jenny Alongi and Giulio Malucelli14.1 Introduction 30114.2 Thermal and Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Cellulose 30214.3 Factors Affecting Cellulose Thermal Degradation: Charring/Volatilisation Competition 31814.4 Conclusions 329References 33015 Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Sodium Alkoxides of Relevance to Fast Reactor Technology 333K. Chandran, M. Kamruddin, S. Anthonysamy and V. Ganesan15.1 Introduction 33315.2 Preparation of Sodium Alkoxides 33415.3 Characterization of Sodium Alkoxides 33915.4 Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Alkoxides 34815.5 Kinetic Analysis 364References 39016 Thermal Degradation and Morphological Characteristics of Bone Products 393F. Miculescu, A. Maidaniuc, G.E. Stan, M. Miculescu, S.I. Voicu, L.T.Ciocan16.1 Introduction and Objectives 39316.2 Short Overview on the Thermal Analysis Experimental Methods 39616.3 Morpho-structural Changes Induced by the Thermal Treatments Applied to Hard Tissues. Bone Degradation Mechanism 40016.4 Conclusions 408References 40817 Processes and Mechanisms in Hydrothermal Degradation of Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment 411Yu Luling, He Wenzhi and Li Guangming17.1 Introduction 41117.2 Application of Hydrothermal Degradation in Treatment of WEEE 41417.3 Mechanism of Hydrothermal Degradation for Treatment of WEEE 41817.4 Conclusion 431Acknowledgements 431References 43118 Heat Transfer Mechanism and Thermomechanical Analysis of Masonry Structures (Mortars and Bricks) Subjected to High Temperatures 437M.E. Macia Torregrosa and J. Camacho Diez18.1 Introduction: State of the Art 43718.2 Heat Transfer Mechanisms through a Masonry Element under Load 44218.3 Influence of High Temperatures on the Structural Behavior of a Masonry Element 44418.4 Factors Involved in the Behavior of the Masonry Subjected to High Temperatures 44418.5 Properties of the Ceramic Pieces 44918.6 Properties of the Mortar 456References 46319 Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Elucidate Protein Conformational Changes Promoted by Thermal Treatment in Muscle-Based Food 467A.M. Herrero, P. Carmona, F. Jimenez-Colmenero and C. Ruiz-Capillas19.1 Introduction 46719.2 Protein Structure 46819.3 Muscle-Based Food Proteins: Thermal treatment 46819.4 Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods and Protein Structure 46919.5 Vibrational Spectroscopy to Elucidate Structural Changes Induced by Thermal Treatment in Muscle Foods 47319.6 Conclusions 479Acknowledgements 479References 48020 Thermal Activation of Layered Hydroxide-Based Catalysts 483Milica Hadnadjev-Kostic, Tatjana Vulic and Radmila Marinkovic-Neducin20.1 Introduction 48320.2 LDH General Properties 48420.3 Thermal Activation of LDH-Based Catalysts – Thermal Decomposition Pathway from LDH to Mixed Oxides 49020.4 Properties of Thermally Activated LDHs 49520.5 Application of LDH-Based Materials 50120.6 Synthesis Methods of Ti-Containing LDH-Based Materials 50220.7 Synthesis Methods for the Association of TiO2 and LDH-Based Catalysts 50220.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 509References 51021 Thermal Decomposition of Natural Fibers: Kinetics and Degradation Mechanisms 515Matheus Poletto, Heitor L. Ornaghi Junior and Ademir J. Zattera21.1 Introduction 51521.2 Theoretical Background 51621.3 Chemical Composition of the Natural Fibers 52221.4 XRD Analysis Applied to Natural Fibers 52421.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Natural Fibers 52721.6 Kinetic Degradation and Reaction Mechanisms in the Solid State of Natural Fibers 53221.7 Conclusion 541References 54122 On the Kinetic Mechanism of Non-isothermal Degradation of Solids 547Lyubomir T. Vlaev, Velyana G. Georgieva, and Mariana P. Tavlieva22.1 Introduction 54722.2 Mathematical Background in the Thermogravimetry 54922.3 Kinetic Mechanism of the Thermal Degradation of CaC2O4・H2O 56122.4 Kinetic Mechanism of the Thermal Degradation of Chitin 56722.5 Kinetic Mechanism of the Thermal Degradation of Rice Husks 57122.6 Conclusions 574Acknowledgments 575References 575Index 579