Athanasios K. Karamalidis, Pennsylvania State University and United States Department of Energy, USA Roderick Eggert, Colorado School of Mines, and Critical Materials Institute, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii1 Rare Earth Industry Overview 1Joseph Gambogi2 Rare Earth Elements in Coal Fly Ash and Their Potential Recovery 27James C. Hower, Allan Kolker, Heileen Hsu-Kim, and Desirée L. Plata3 Recovering of Rare Earth Elements from Unconventional Resources: Bauxite Residue 75Efthymios Balomenos, Panagiotis Davris, Dimitrios Panias, and Ioannis Paspaliaris4 Rare Earths in Phosphate: Characterization and Extraction 99Patrick Zhang, Haijun Liang, Zhen Jin, David DePaoli, Jan Miller, Chen-Luh Lin, and Raquel Crossman5 Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions 167Rick Peterson, Darwin Argumedo, and Michael Heinrichs6 Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Crystallization 197Kerstin Forsberg and Michael Svärd7 Aqueous Electrochemical Processing of Rare Earth Elements: A Review 219Eugene Engmann, Luis A. Diaz, Tedd E. Lister, and Haiyan Zhao Copyrighted Material8 Beneficiation of Rare Earth Elements: Prospects for Biotechnology Deployment 251Yoshiko Fujita, Dan Park, Margaret Lencka, Andre Anderko, David Reed, Vicki Thompson, Gaurav Das, Ali Eslamimanesh, and Yongqin Jiao9 Adsorption-Based Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements 299Madhav Patel and Athanasios K. KaramalidisIndex 377

Athanasios K. Karamalidis, Pennsylvania State University and United States Department of Energy, USA Roderick Eggert, Colorado School of Mines, and Critical Materials Institute, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii1 Rare Earth Industry Overview 1Joseph Gambogi2 Rare Earth Elements in Coal Fly Ash and Their Potential Recovery 27James C. Hower, Allan Kolker, Heileen Hsu-Kim, and Desirée L. Plata3 Recovering of Rare Earth Elements from Unconventional Resources: Bauxite Residue 75Efthymios Balomenos, Panagiotis Davris, Dimitrios Panias, and Ioannis Paspaliaris4 Rare Earths in Phosphate: Characterization and Extraction 99Patrick Zhang, Haijun Liang, Zhen Jin, David DePaoli, Jan Miller, Chen-Luh Lin, and Raquel Crossman5 Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions 167Rick Peterson, Darwin Argumedo, and Michael Heinrichs6 Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Crystallization 197Kerstin Forsberg and Michael Svärd7 Aqueous Electrochemical Processing of Rare Earth Elements: A Review 219Eugene Engmann, Luis A. Diaz, Tedd E. Lister, and Haiyan Zhao Copyrighted Material8 Beneficiation of Rare Earth Elements: Prospects for Biotechnology Deployment 251Yoshiko Fujita, Dan Park, Margaret Lencka, Andre Anderko, David Reed, Vicki Thompson, Gaurav Das, Ali Eslamimanesh, and Yongqin Jiao9 Adsorption-Based Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements 299Madhav Patel and Athanasios K. KaramalidisIndex 377

Athanasios K. Karamalidis, Pennsylvania State University and United States Department of Energy, USA Roderick Eggert, Colorado School of Mines, and Critical Materials Institute, USA

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiList of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii1 Rare Earth Industry Overview 1Joseph Gambogi2 Rare Earth Elements in Coal Fly Ash and Their Potential Recovery 27James C. Hower, Allan Kolker, Heileen Hsu-Kim, and Desirée L. Plata3 Recovering of Rare Earth Elements from Unconventional Resources: Bauxite Residue 75Efthymios Balomenos, Panagiotis Davris, Dimitrios Panias, and Ioannis Paspaliaris4 Rare Earths in Phosphate: Characterization and Extraction 99Patrick Zhang, Haijun Liang, Zhen Jin, David DePaoli, Jan Miller, Chen-Luh Lin, and Raquel Crossman5 Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions 167Rick Peterson, Darwin Argumedo, and Michael Heinrichs6 Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Crystallization 197Kerstin Forsberg and Michael Svärd7 Aqueous Electrochemical Processing of Rare Earth Elements: A Review 219Eugene Engmann, Luis A. Diaz, Tedd E. Lister, and Haiyan Zhao Copyrighted Material8 Beneficiation of Rare Earth Elements: Prospects for Biotechnology Deployment 251Yoshiko Fujita, Dan Park, Margaret Lencka, Andre Anderko, David Reed, Vicki Thompson, Gaurav Das, Ali Eslamimanesh, and Yongqin Jiao9 Adsorption-Based Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements 299Madhav Patel and Athanasios K. KaramalidisIndex 377