RapidIO

Sam Fuller, President, RapidIO Trade Association, Austin, Texas, USA. Mr. Fuller is a founding member of the RapidIO Trade Association and now serves as full-time president of the open standards organization. Mr. Fuller writes for major publications such as EE Times and speaks frequently at major industry events on the subject of the RapidIO Interconnect technology.

• Preface. 1 The Interconnect Problem.1.1 Processor Performance and Bandwidth Growth.1.2 Multiprocessing.1.3 System of Systems.1.4 Problems with Traditional Buses.1.5 The Market Problem.1.6 RapidIO: A New Approach.1.7 Where Will it be Used?1.8 An Analogy.References.2 RapidIO Technology.2.1 Philosophy.2.2 The Specification Hierarchy.2.3 RapidIO Protocol Overview.2.4 Packet Format.2.5 Transaction Formats and Types.2.6 Message Passing.2.7 Globally Shared Memory.2.8 Future Extensions.2.9 Flow Control.2.10 The Parallel Physical Layer.2.11 The Serial Physical Layer.2.12 Link Protocol.2.13 Maintenance and Error Management.2.14 Performance.2.15 Operation Latency.References.3 Devices, Switches, Transactions and Operations.3.1 Processing Element Models.3.2 I/O Processing Element.3.3 Switch Processing Element.3.4 Operations and Transactions.4 I/O Logical Operations.4.1 Introduction.4.2 Request Class Transactions.4.3 Response Class Transactions.4.4 A Sample Read Operation.4.5 Write Operations.4.6 Streaming Writes.4.7 Atomic Operations.4.8 Maintenance Operations.4.9 Data Alignment.5 Messaging Operations.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Message Transactions.5.3 Mailbox Structures.5.4 Outbound Mailbox Structures.6 System Level Addressing in RapidIO Systems.6.1 System Topology.6.2 Switch-based Systems.6.3 System Packet Routing.6.4 Field Alignment and Definition.6.5 Routing Maintenance Packets.7 The Serial Physical Layer.7.1 Packets.7.2 Control Symbols.7.3 PCS and PMA Layers.7.4 Using the Serial Physical Layer.7.5 Transaction and Packet Delivery Ordering Rules.7.6 Error Detection and Recovery.7.7 Retimers and Repeaters.7.8 The Electrical Interface.8 Parallel Physical Layer Protocol.8.1 Packet Formats.8.2 Control Symbol Formats.8.3 Control Symbol Transmission Alignment.8.4 Packet Start and Control Symbol Delineation.8.5 Packet Exchange Protocol.8.6 Field Placement and Definition.8.7 Link Maintenance Protocol.8.8 Packet Termination.8.9 Packet Pacing.8.10 Embedded Control Symbols.8.11 Packet Alignment.8.12 System Maintenance.8.13 System Clocking Considerations.8.14 Board Routing Guidelines.9 Interoperating with PCI Technologies.9.1 Address Map Considerations.9.2 Transaction Flow.9.3 PCI-X to RapidIO Transaction Flow.9.4 RapidIO to PCI Transaction Mapping.9.5 Operation Ordering and Transaction Delivery.9.6 Interactions with Globally Shared Memory.9.7 Byte Lane and Byte Enable Usage.9.8 Error Management.10 RapidIO Bringup and Initialization Programming.10.1 Overview of the System Bringup Process.10.2 System Application Programming Interfaces.10.3 System Bringup Example.11 Advanced Features.11.1 System-level Flow Control.11.2 Error Management Extensions.11.3 Memory Coherency Support.11.4 Multicasting Transactions in RapidIO.11.5 Multicasting Symbols.12 Data Streaming Logical Layer (Chuck Hill).12.1 Introduction.12.2 Type 9 Packet Format (Data Streaming Class).12.3 Virtual Streams.12.4 Configuring Data Streaming Systems.12.5 Advanced Traffic Management.12.6 Using Data Streaming.13 Applications of the RapidIO Interconnect Technology.13.1 RapidIO in Storage Systems.13.2 RapidIO in Cellular Wireless Infrastructure (Alan Gatherer and Peter Olanders).13.3 Fault-tolerant Systems and RapidIO (Victor Menasce).References.14 Developing RapidIO Hardware (Richard O’Connor).14.1 Introduction.14.2 Implementing a RapidIO End Point.14.3 Supporting Functions.14.4 Implementing a RapidIO Switch.14.5 Summary.15 Implementation Benefits of the RapidIO Interconnect Technology in FPGAs (Nupur Shah).15.1 Building the Ecosystem.15.2 Advances in FPGA Technology.15.3 Multiprotocol Support for the Embedded Environment.15.4 Simple Handshake.15.5 Low Buffering Overhead.15.6 Efficient Error Coverage.15.7 Conclusion.16 Application of RapidIO to Mechanical Environments (David Wickliff).16.1 Helpful Features for Mechanical Environments.16.2 Channel Characteristics.16.3 Industry Standard Mechanical Platforms Supporting RapidIO.16.4 Summary.Appendix A: RapidIO Logical and Transport Layer Registers.A.1 Reserved Register and Bit Behavior.A.2 Capability Registers (CARs).A.3 Command and Status Registers (CSRs).A.4 Extended Features Data Structure.Appendix B: Serial Physical Layer Registers.B.1 Generic End Point Devices.B.2 Generic End Point Devices: Software-assisted Error Recovery Option.Appendix C: Parallel Physical Layer Registers.C.1 Generic End Point Devices.C.2 Generic End Point Devices: Software-assisted Error Recovery Option.C.3 Switch Devices.Appendix D: Error Management Extensions Registers.D.1 Additions to Existing Registers.D.2 New Error Management Register.Index.