Radio Spectrum

Jean-Marc Chaduc was born in 1943. He is a graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique and of the Ecole nationale supérieure des telecommunications. His first professional activity was as the technical director of the early french satellite telecommunication center at Pleumeur-Bodou where he contributed to operate the first generations of satellites. Later he moved towards a more administrative career in different ministries where he has been in charge of promoting new radio networks. Then, at the Ministère de l'Industrie, he worked at the new legislation for telecommunications. In 1996, he was in charge of designing the new french Agence nationale des frequences and was appointed its general director from 1997. Gérard Pogorel is Professor of Economics and Management at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications, (ENST, Paris).Beforehand, he has acted as an evaluator, auditor, and reviewer for the NSF, Harvard Business Review, Research Policy and EU research programs in Information and Communications Technologies. He also has been a frequent member of government-level committees shaping spectrum policies in Europe and internationally, a member of monitoring committees (composed of independent experts) of the EU Framework Research Programme, Chair of the Monitoring Panel, Chair of the Monitoring Committee of the European Union Information Society and Technologies Research Programme.

• Acknowledgement and Credits xiIntroduction xiiiPart 1. The Basis of Spectrum Management 1Chapter 1. A Bit of History, Physics and Mathematics 31.1. Waves 41.2. Propagation 101.3. Directivity 111.4. Link evaluation 18Chapter 2. Telecommunications 252.1. Modulation and bandwidth 262.2. Bandwidth and noise 302.3. C/N (or C/I) and S/Nm 342.4. Multiplex, multiple access 392.5. A balance between carrier power, noise and interferences 45Chapter 3. Geography and Radio Communications: Radio Network Engineering 513.1. Regions and countries 523.2. Radio implementation in the field 553.3. Propagation on the Earth 593.4. Space, orbits, satellite systems 623.5. Terrestrial network coverage 663.6. Coverage strategies 693.7. Radio site protection 70Chapter 4. Spectrum Sharing, Bases and Actors 714.1. Radio frequencies: common goods 714.2. Regulatory services for spectrum sharing by the ITU (allocation frequency tables) 744.3. The role of states in sharing the spectrum 764.4. How to plan new applications and compatible services 794.5. Regulation, harmonization, planning 804.6. Is the spectrum resource scarce? 824.7. Spectrum sharing: a summary 83Chapter 5. Some Regulated Services 855.1. The fixed service 865.2. Mobile services 895.3. Broadcasting 955.4. Satellite services 1005.5. Geo and non-geo systems 10456. Some other regulatory services 106Chapter 6. Recent Evolutions of Radio Services 1116.1. A family snapshot 1136.2. Enthusiastic telecommunications 1156.3. Hesitant broadcasters 1206.4. The promises of radiolocation 1256.5. Limits of the spectrum planning efficiency 126Chapter 7. Regulatory Instruments for Spectrum Sharing 1297.1. Frequency allocation tables 1317.2. Plans 1377.3. Coordination 1417.4. Technical limits 145Chapter 8. Frequency Assignment: A Contract 1478.1. Contracting parties 1488.2. Common bands and assignments 1498.3. Exclusive bands: preferential sub-bands 1518.4. Assignment procedures 1538.5. External requirements: site constraints 1558.6. Satellite systems 158Chapter 9. Spectrum Monitoring 1619.1. Spectrum monitoring technical tools 1629.1.1. HF band monitoring 1629.1.2. Metric and decimetric band monitoring 1639.1.3. Microwave monitoring 1679.1.4. Satellite monitoring 1689.1.5. Mobile monitoring stations 1699.1.6. Airborne monitoring means 1709.2. Radio station inspections: major events 1709.3. Claim for interference: legal prosecutions 1729.4. “Radio landscape” description 1739.5. Terminals 175Part 2. Managers and their Practices 177Chapter 10. New Technical Perspectives and Impact on Spectrum Management 17910.1. Spread spectrum technologies 18110.2. OFDM and MIMO 18110.3. Ultra wideband 18310.4. Dynamic spectrum access technologies 18610.5. Software-defined radio 18710.6. Cognitive radio 18910.7. Intersystem control 19210.8. Mesh networks 193Chapter 11. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 19911.1. The ITU today 19911.2. Radio Regulations 20311.2.1. The vocabulary of radio communications 20411.2.2. Table of frequency allocations 20511.2.3. Procedures 20511.2.4. Interferences 20711.2.5. Administrative provisions and provisions relating to services and networks 20811.2.6. Safety: maritime and aeronautical services 20911.3. Assemblies and conferences 21111.4. Themes of recent interest 21211.5. Short-term prospects for action 215Chapter 12. Regional Bodies 21712.1. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) 21812.2. European Union 22112.3. Other regional structures 224Chapter 13. National Spectrum Regulators and Institutional Debates 22713.1. The USA 22813.2. The UK 23013.3. France 23313.4. Germany 23613.5. Italy 23613.6. Asia-Pacific 23613.7. Is there an ideal structure for spectrum regulation? 23913.8. Is a European regulator for the spectrum needed? 242Chapter 14. Major Current European and International Issues to Improve Spectrum Efficiency 24514.1. Convergence 24514.1.1. Mobile – broadcasting convergence 24614.1.2. Fixed – mobile convergence 24714.1.3. Wireless access platforms for electronic communication services (WAPECS) 24814.1.4. Spectrum management issues imposed by convergence of radio services 25014.2. Collective use 25014.2.1. Types of spectrum collective uses 25114.2.2. Protection against interference 25314.2.3. Collective spectrum in Europe: the present situation 25414.2.4. Challenges 25614.2.5. Impact of an extension of unlicensed bands on spectrum planning 25714.2.6. An example of introducing collective use in radar frequency bands 258Chapter 15. Regimes of Radio Spectrum Management: A Synthetic View 26115.1. Definitions: four dimensions of spectrum management 26315.1.1. Frequency allocation to services: spectrum harmonization or neutrality? 26415.1.2. Technology: standardization or neutrality? 26415.1.3. Usage rights definition 26515.1.4. Assignment modes of spectrum usage rights 26615.2. Choosing a spectrum management regime 26715.3. Deciding on spectrum management regimes: a four-step process 26915.4. Navigating the nine spectrum management regimes: migrations and transitions 277Chapter 16. The Future of the Spectrum: A Road Towards More Flexibility 279Glossary 287References 297Index 299