Race and Sports

Rachel Laws Myers is Dean of Equity and Inclusion at Choate Rosemary Hall, an independent boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, USA.

• PrefaceAcknowledgments1. Background and HistoryUnderstanding Race and Sports through Historical and Theoretical FrameworksThe Sociology of Race and Sport as Field of StudyIntersectionality and Race and SportThe American Sports Media as Conduit of Socially Constructed KnowledgeGender and Sexual OrientationThe Need for Expanded ScholarshipReferences2. Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsRace, Sports, and PoliticsRefusing Service to the Boston Celtics' Black Players (1961)Muhammad Ali's Refusal of U.S. Army Induction (1966)Tommie Smith and John Carlos's Gloved Fists and Shoeless Feet (1968)When Madison Square Garden Dropped the National Anthem … for a Day (1973)Craig Hodges's Letter to the President (1991)Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf Stops Standing for the National Anthem (1996)Toni Smith Turns Her Back to the U.S. Flag (2003)"Los Suns" in the NBA Playoffs (May 2010)"Kneeling for a [Indirect] Cause" (August 2016–Present)Discussing the Solutions: Race, Sport, and PoliticsRace and the Sports IndustryBenching Leonard Bates (1940) and Lucien V. Alexis Jr. (1941)Curt Flood's Antitrust Suit vs. MLB (1969)Syracuse 8 (1969)Questioning the NCAA's Eligibility Standards: Propositions 48, 42, and 16 (1986, 1989, 1995)Venus and Serena Williams Boycott Indian Wells (2001–2016)An NBA Owner's Racism Caught on Tape (2014)University of Missouri Football Team Boycotts Football (2015)Nike Supporting Colin Kaepernick and Black Lives Matter (2018)Jay-Z Partners with the NFL (2019)Discussing the Solutions: Race and the Sports IndustryRace, Sports, and RepresentationBlack Lives Matter and Protesting the Killings of Unarmed Black People (2012–2016)"Linsanity" and Beyond: Being Asian American in the NBA (2012–Present)Racism and Contemporary Native American Athletes (2008–Present)Discussing the Solutions: Race, Sports, and RepresentationReferences3. PerspectivesA Player in a New GameAndre AliceaBlack Quarterbacks: A Troubling Reflection of AmericaDaniel R. DavisRace in Sport: From Bahamian Unity to American DiscordAndrew Cole MauraThey Say Confidence Is Key: A Sports MemoirTayler SimonsThe Problems with the Lack of Accessibility of SportsMichaela BoyleBlack and Blue: Making the Most of the College Athlete Experience at a Division I PWIIsaiah AliceaConversations (or Not) about Race in Martial ArtsMargaret Stansbery4. ProfilesBiracial/MultiracialColin Kaepernick (1987–)Hines Ward (1976–)BlackKareem Abdul-Jabbar (1947–)Muhammad Ali (1942–2016)Simone Biles (1997–) and the World Champions CentreHarry Edwards (1942–)Curt Flood (1938–1997)LeBron James (1984–) and the I Promise SchoolPaul Robeson (1898–1976)Kenneth L. Shropshire (1955–)Native AmericanOren Lyons (1930–)Shoni (1992–) and Jude (1993–) SchimmelWhite AmericanDr. Richard Lapchick (1945–) and the Racial and Gender Report CardOrganizationsAmerican Tennis Association (ATA) (1916–)Black Coaches Association (BCA) (1988–2015) / National Association for Coaching Equity and Development (2015–)"Change the Mascot" Campaign (2013–)Ross Initiative in Sports for Equality (RISE) (2015–)References5. Data and DocumentsDataRace and Sport: Youth LevelTable 5.1: Racial Differences in Sport Participation of Twelfth Graders in the United States (2010–2015)Table 5.2: Differences in Sport Participation by Socioeconomic Status of Twelfth Graders in the United States (2010–2015)Race and Sport: College LevelTable 5.3: NCAA Eligibility Center Division I Academic RequirementsTable 5.4: Men's NCAA Division I and II Coaches and Student-Athlete Racial Demographics from Eight Sports (2008–2018)Table 5.5: Women's NCAA Division I and II Coaches and Student-Athlete Racial Demographics from Eight Sports (2008–2018)Race and Sport: Professional LevelTable 5.6: 2018 Racial and Gender Report Card Grades for Professional SportDocumentsBlackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc. (2014)Stolen Identities: The Impact of Racist Stereotypes on Indigenous People (2011)Flood v. Kuhn (1972)Clay v. United States (1971)H. Res. 77 Encouraging the Development of Best Business Practices to Fully Utilize the Potential of the United States (2017)References6. ResourcesBooksArticlesFilmsReports and Internet Sites7. ChronologyGlossaryIndex

This work is a welcome compilation that will be of use to anyone interested in the impact of race in sports and on society as a whole.