Questioning Experts and Expertise

Maria Baghramian is Full Professor of American Philosophy at the School of Philosophy, University College Dublin. She was a Principal Investigator of the Irish Research Council project ‘When Experts Disagree’ (WEXD) and currently coordinates the Horizon 2020 EU project ‘Policy, Expertise and Trust in Action’ (PEriTiA). She is a member of the Royal Irish Academy.Carlo Martini is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy at Vita- Salute San Raffaele University in Milan, Italy. He has published extensively on the epistemology of expertise. He is Local Principal Investigator for the Horizon 2020 project ‘Policy, Expertise and Trust in Action’ (PEriTiA) and the Italian Ministry of Research and Education project ‘From Models to Decisions’.

• 1. Introduction: Ubiquitous Questions about Experts and Society 2. Believing to Belong: Addressing the Novice- Expert Problem in Polarized Scientific Communication 3. The Rightful Place of Expertise 4. Expertise, Agreement, and the Nature of Social Scientific Facts or: Against Epistocracy 5. Asymmetry, Disagreement and Biases: Epistemic Worries about Expertise 6. Towards a Balanced Account of Expertise 7. Expertise, Relevance and Types of Knowledge 8. Are Experts Right or are They Members of Expert Groups? 9. What Experts Could Not Be 10. For A Service Conception of Epistemic Authority: A Collective Approach 11. Can Novices Trust Themselves to Choose Trustworthy Experts? Reasons for (Reserved) Optimism 12. Why the Fence Is the Seat of Reason When Experts Disagree 13. Values and Objectivity in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change