Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology

PAUL ALIVISATOS is the 14th President of the University of Chicago, USA, where he also holds a faculty appointment as the John D. MacArthur Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Chemistry, the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, and the College. EUNJOO JANG is a Professor of Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea. She received her Ph.D. in 1998 from the Chemical Engineering Department at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH). She joined Samsung in 2000 and has been developing various QD materials and optoelectronic devices since 2023. RUIQING MA is a Fellow of Society for Information Display (SID). He received his Ph.D. in Chemical Physics in 2000 from the Liquid Crystal Institute at Kent State University, USA. Before joining Meta in 2022, he was the Senior Director of R&D at Nanosys.

• Series Editor's Foreword xvAbout the Editors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxi1 Physics and Photophysics of Quantum Dots for Display Applications 1Einav Scharf, Uri Banin1.1 Introduction 11.2 Quantum Confinement and Band Structure 11.3 Absorption Spectrum 41.4 Charge Carrier Dynamics 61.5 Surface Passivation and Heterostructure Band Alignment 81.6 Emission Intermittency (Blinking) and Stability 91.7 Emission Linewidth 121.8 Dimensionality Effects 151.9 Collective Emission 161.10 Summary and Outlook 18References 182 Quantum Dot Material Systems, Compositional Families 23Sudarsan Tamang, Karl David Wegner, Peter Reiss2.1 Introduction 232.2 II–VI Semiconductor QDs 252.2.1 Cadmium Chalcogenide QDs 252.2.2 Zn Chalcogenide QDs 272.3 III–V Semiconductor QDs: Overview and Properties 352.3.1 Introduction 352.3.2 Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots 372.3.3 Indium Arsenide Quantum Dots 472.4 More Recent Families of QDs 502.4.1 I–III–VI Chalcopyrite-type QDs 502.4.2 Metal Halide Perovskite NCs 542.5 Summary and Outlook 60References 623 Principles and Practices for Quantum Dots Synthesis 81Derrick Allan Taylor, Justice Agbeshie Teku, Jong-Soo Lee3.1 Introduction 813.2 Principles of Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis 843.2.1 Basic Chemistry of Quantum Dot Synthesis 843.2.2 Innovatory Experimental Techniques for Monitoring Evolving Nanocrystals 933.2.3 Colloidal Quantum Dots (II–VI and III–V) 943.3 Practices of Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis 953.3.1 Practices 983.3.2 Post-synthetic Methods 1043.4 Summary and Outlook 112References 1144 Quantum Dot Enhancement Film 131Zhong Sheng Luo, Jeff Yurek4.1 Introduction 1314.2 Understanding Color for Displays 1324.2.1 Measuring Display Color Performance: Chromaticity Gamut 1344.2.2 NTSC 1953 in Practice 1354.2.3 LCDs and Display Color in the 1990s and 2000s 1364.3 Color in the Modern Era – Defining the Ultimate Visual Experience 1384.3.1 Color Volume 1394.3.2 High Dynamic Range 1414.3.3 Clarity 1424.4 Quantum Dots for QDEF Applications 1434.4.1 Quantum Dot Wavelength Tunability 1444.4.2 Narrower Spectrum for Better Color 1454.5 Quantum Dot Enhancement Film 1464.5.1 Origins of the QDEF Concept 1464.5.2 Design Requirements 1494.5.3 Resin System 1504.5.4 Barrier Film 1504.5.5 QD Coating 1524.5.6 QDEF Fabrication Process 1524.5.7 QDEF in a Display 1544.5.8 Heavy Metals and Environmental Regulation 1554.6 Barrierless Quantum Dot Enhancement Film 1564.6.1 QD Requirements for Barrierless QDEF 1574.6.2 Construction and Manufacturing 1584.6.3 Application 1584.7 Quantum Dot Diffuser Plate 1594.7.1 Quantum Dot Requirement 1594.7.2 Construction and Manufacturing 1604.7.3 Application 1614.8 Summary and Outlook 161References 1625 Quantum Dot Color Conversion for Liquid Crystal Display 167Zhifu li, Ji li, Yanan Wang, Hanming li5.1 Introduction 1675.2 Thin-film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display 1685.2.1 Color Perception of Human Eyes 1685.2.2 Basic Structure and Principle of Liquid Crystal Display 1695.2.3 Advantages of Quantum Dot Liquid Crystal Display 1725.3 Quantum Dot Color Conversion for Liquid Crystal Display 1735.3.1 Quantum Dot Backlight 1735.3.2 Quantum Dot Color Filter 1785.4 Summary and Prospects 191References 1936 Quantum Dot (QD) Color Conversion for QD-Organic Light-Emitting Diode 197Keunchan Oh, Hyeokjin Lee, Gakseok Lee, Taehyung Hwang6.1 Introduction to Quantum Dot-Organic Light-emitting Diode 1976.2 Color Conversion Materials 1996.2.1 Quantum Dots in QD-OLED 2006.2.2 Optical Scattering Particle 2046.2.3 Surface Ligand Modification 2076.2.4 Photo Enhancement and Degradation 2106.3 Color Conversion Architecture 2126.3.1 Bank 2126.3.2 Color Filter 2146.3.3 Optical Recycling Layer 2156.3.4 Reflection 2176.4 Inkjet Printing of CCM 2186.4.1 Inkjet Equipment and Inspection 2196.4.2 Rheological Properties of Colloidal QD Ink 2206.4.3 Large Area Uniformity 2246.5 Conclusion and Future Work 225References 2267 Quantum Dots for Augmented Reality 231Jason Hartlove7.1 Why Quantum Dots for Augmented Reality? 2317.2 Augmented Reality Glasses: The Need for High-efficiency Small Emitters 2327.2.1 ARG Requirements 2327.2.2 Display Engine Approaches 2357.3 QD Color Conversion Performance and Reliability Requirements 2477.3.1 Quantum Dot PLQY 2477.3.2 Quantum Dot Absorption 2487.3.3 Flux Stability 2497.4 Summary and Outlook 250References 2518 CdSe-based Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diodes 253Yiran Yan, Longjia Wu, Weiran Cao, Xiaolin Yan8.1 Overview of Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diode Development 2538.2 Functional Layers 2558.2.1 QD-emitting Layer 2558.2.2 Hole Transport Layer 2608.2.3 Electron Transport Layer 2628.3 Aging Mechanism 2648.3.1 Degradation Mechanism 2648.3.2 Positive Aging Mechanism 2728.4 Summary and Outlook 277References 2779 Quantum Dot Light-emitting Device Materials, Device Physics, and Fabrication: Cadmium-free 283Igor Coropceanu, Heeyoung Jung, Christian Ippen9.1 Introduction 2839.1.1 Benefits of Quantum Dot Light-emitting Devices 2839.1.2 Why Cd-free QD-LED? 2849.2 Survey of Materials 2859.2.1 General Considerations 2859.2.2 Indium Phosphide 2869.2.3 Zinc Telluride Selenide 2909.2.4 I-iii-vi 2939.3 Surface Chemistry 2939.3.1 General Introduction to NC – Organic Interface 2939.3.2 Inorganic Termination 2939.3.3 Anchoring Group 2949.3.4 Ligand Body 2949.3.5 Organic Ligand Exchange for Improved Charge Transport 2959.3.6 Inorganic and Mixed Organic/Inorganic Surface Treatments 2969.4 Device Physics and Fabrication 2989.4.1 Device Architectures 2989.4.2 Evaluation Metrics 3009.4.3 HTL Optimizations 3019.4.4 ETL Optimizations 3029.4.5 Positive Aging 3029.4.6 Degradation Mechanisms 3039.5 Patterning for Display Fabrication 3059.5.1 General Considerations 3059.5.2 Optical Methods 3069.5.3 Inkjet Printing 3089.6 Summary and Outlook 3099.6.1 Performance Development of Cd-free vs. Cd-based QD-LEDs 3099.6.2 What is Still Missing for Cd-free QD-LEDs? 311References 31110 Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diode Panel Process: Inkjet Printing 323Dong Jin Kang, Changhee Lee10.1 Inkjet Printing Technology for QD Patterning in Full-color Displays 32310.2 Ink Formulation for Inkjet-Printed QD-LED Displays 32510.2.1 Quantum Dot Inks 32510.2.2 Organic Charge-transport Material Ink 32810.2.3 Inorganic Charge-transport Material Inks 33110.3 Inkjet Printing Processes and Device Performance of QD-LED Display Panels 33110.3.1 Device Structure and Operation Mechanism of QD-LEDs 33110.3.2 Device Characteristics of QD-LEDs 33310.3.3 Inkjet Printing Processes for Fabricating QD-LED Display Panels 33510.3.4 Drying and Thermal Baking Processes for QD-LED Panels 33910.3.5 Device Performance of Inkjet-printed QD-LED Display Panels 34210.4 Current Challenges in Inkjet Printing for QD-LED Display and Future Outlook 34710.5 Summary and Outlook 348References 34911 Photolithographic Patterning Techniques for Quantum Dot Light-emitting Diodes 355Yanzhao Li, Shaoyong Lu, Zhuo Chen, Zhuo Li, Xiangbing Fan, Peng Bai, Haoyu Yang, Dong li11.1 Introduction 35511.2 Photolithography Technology 35711.2.1 Basics of Photolithography 35711.2.2 Photolithographic Patterning of Quantum Dots 35911.3 Indirect Photoresist-assisted Photolithographic Patterning of Quantum Dots 36011.3.1 Protective Photoresists 36011.3.2 Sacrificial Photoresists 36311.4 Direct Photoresist-free Photolithographic Patterning of Quantum Dots 36611.4.1 Patterning Using Native Ligands 36711.4.2 Patterning Through Ligand Exchange 37411.4.3 Photolithographic Patterning for Maintaining Photophysical Properties of Quantum Dots 37711.5 Industrial Progress 38111.6 Summary and Outlook 382References 38312 Quantum Dots in Light-emitting Diodes for General Lighting 387Benjamin Mangum, Juanita Kurtin12.1 Benefits of Quantum Dots for Illumination 38712.2 Illumination Landscape: The Need for Narrow Emitters 38712.2.1 Background: Blackbody Emitters vs. LEDs 38712.2.2 Making White LEDs: Spectral Engineering 39012.2.3 Background: Color Metrics 39212.2.4 The Ideal Spectrum and Theoretical Maximums 39512.3 SSL Devices and Solution Development 39912.3.1 Power Classes 39912.3.2 Quantum Dots for Illumination 40012.3.3 Form Factor 40112.3.4 Pairing QDs with Other Phosphors 40312.4 QD Performance and Reliability Requirements 40512.4.1 QD Performance Requirements: PLQY 40612.4.2 QD Performance Requirements: FWHM 40612.4.3 QD Performance Requirements: Flux Droop 40712.4.4 Performance Requirements: Thermal Droop 40812.4.5 Reliability Testing: LM80 testing 40812.4.6 Reliability Testing: Color Point Shift 40912.4.7 Reliability Testing: Lumen Maintenance 41012.5 Summary and Outlook 411References 41213 Quantum Dot Photodetector Technology 415Pawel Malinowski, Itai Lieberman, Jonathan S. Steckel, Andras Pattantyus-Abraham13.1 Introduction to Sensing with Quantum Dots 41513.1.1 Photoconductive Devices 41613.1.2 Photodiodes 41613.1.3 Phototransistors 41713.1.4 Other Light Sensing Techniques 41813.2 Figures of Merit for QD Sensors 41813.2.1 QD Films and Stacks 41813.2.2 Photodetector Performance Metrics 41913.2.3 Image Sensors Performance Metrics 42313.2.4 Reliability 42513.3 QD Photodetector Materials and Devices 42613.3.1 QD Core and Photodetectors 42613.3.2 QDPD Comparison 43113.3.3 Evolution of QD Image Sensors 43113.4 Conclusion and Outlook 43413.4.1 Use Cases and Applications 43413.4.2 Outlook 438References 43914 Future of Quantum Dots in Displays and Beyond 445Peter Palomaki14.1 Introduction 44514.2 Implementation of QDs Past, Present, and Future 44614.2.1 Past Technologies 44614.2.2 Present Technologies 44714.2.3 Future Technologies 44714.3 QD Materials 45214.3.1 CdSe and InP 45214.3.2 Perovskite 45314.3.3 I-III-VI QDs 45514.3.4 Nitrides 45614.3.5 Material Usage 45614.3.6 Anisotropic QD Systems 45814.3.7 Stability 46014.4 Optical Properties 46214.4.1 Linewidth 46214.4.2 Light Absorption 46514.4.3 Spectral Engineering and Re-absorption 46514.4.4 QDs and Phosphors 46614.4.5 Four or More Primaries 46714.5 Regulatory 46814.6 Non-display Applications 47014.6.1 Solar Spectrum Engineering 47014.6.2 QD Solar Cells 47114.7 Summary 472References 473Index 477