Quantum Blockchain

Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, PhD, is a Professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. He has contributed around 25 authored and edited books on various technologies, 17 patents, and more than 40 articles and papers in various refereed journals and international conferences. He is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).Vani Rajasekar, is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Kongu Engineering College, India, and is pursuing her PhD in information and communication engineering. She has authored and co-authored around 40 international and national journals, books, and book chapters.SK Hafizul Islam, PhD, is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani, West Bengal, India.Balamurugan Balusamy, PhD, is a professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. He is a Pioneer Researcher in the areas of big data and the IoT and has published more than 70 articles in various top international journals.Ching-Hsien Hsu, PhD, is Chair Professor of the College of Information and Electrical Engineering; Director of Big Data Research Center, Asia University, Taiwan. He is the Chair of the IEEE Technical Committee on Cloud Computing (TCCLD) and Fellow of the IET.

• Preface xix1 Introduction to Classical Cryptography 1Vani Rajasekar, Premalatha J., Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj and Oana Geman1.1 Introduction 21.2 Substitution Ciphers 21.3 Transposition Cipher 81.4 Symmetric Encryption Technique 101.5 Asymmetric Encryption Technique 171.6 Digital Signatures 22References 282 Quantum Cryptographic Techniques 31Malathy S., Santhiya M. and Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj2.1 Post-Quantum Cryptography 322.2 Strength of Quantum Cryptography 322.3 Working Principle of Quantum Cryptography 322.4 Example of Quantum Cryptography 332.5 Fundamentals of Quantum Cryptography 342.6 Problems With the One-Time Pad and Key Distribution 352.7 Quantum No-Cloning Property 362.8 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 372.9 Quantum Key Distribution 382.10 Cybersecurity Risks Prevailing in Current Cryptographic Techniques 392.11 Implementation of Quantum-Safe Cryptography 402.12 Practical Usage of Existing QKD Solutions 412.13 Attributes of Quantum Key Distribution 412.14 Quantum Key Distribution Protocols 442.15 Applications of Quantum Cryptography 492.16 Conclusion 52References 523 Evolution of Quantum Blockchain 55Dinesh Komarasamy and Jenita Hermina J.3.1 Introduction of Blockchain 553.2 Introduction of Quantum Computing 623.3 Restrictions of Blockchain Quantum 653.4 Post-Quantum Cryptography Features 723.5 Quantum Cryptography 733.6 Comparison Between Traditional and Quantum-Resistant Cryptosystems 763.7 Quantum Blockchain Applications 773.8 Blockchain Applications 773.9 Limitations of Blockchain 783.10 Conclusion 79References 794 Development of the Quantum Bitcoin (BTC) 83Gaurav Dhuriya, Aradhna Saini and Prashant Johari4.1 Introduction of BTC 844.2 Extract 874.3 Preservation 894.4 The Growth of BTC 974.5 Quantum Computing (History and Future) 984.6 Quantum Computation 994.7 The Proposal of Quantum Calculation 1014.8 What Are Quantum Computers and How They Exertion? 1024.9 Post-Quantum Cryptography 1044.10 Difficulties Facing BTC 1054.11 Conclusion 106References 1075 A Conceptual Model for Quantum Blockchain 109Vijayalakshmi P., Abraham Dinakaran and Korhan Cengiz5.1 Introduction 1105.2 Distributed Ledger Technology 1105.3 Hardware Composition of the Quantum Computer 1155.4 Framework Styles of Quantum Blockchain 1155.5 Fundamental Integrants 1225.6 Conclusion 124References 1246 Challenges and Research Perspective of Post–Quantum Blockchain 127Venu K. and Krishnakumar B.6.1 Introduction 1286.2 Post–Quantum Blockchain Cryptosystems 1366.3 Post–Quantum Blockchain Performance Comparison 1546.4 Future Scopes of Post–Quantum Blockchain 1686.5 Conclusion 170References 1707 Post-Quantum Cryptosystems for Blockchain 173K. Tamil Selvi and R. Thamilselvan7.1 Introduction 1747.2 Basics of Blockchain 1747.3 Quantum and Post-Quantum Cryptography 1777.4 Post-Quantum Cryptosystems for Blockchain 1807.5 Other Cryptosystems for Post-Quantum Blockchain 1957.6 Conclusion 196References 1998 Post-Quantum Confidential Transaction Protocols 201R. Manjula Devi, P. Keerthika, P. Suresh, R. Venkatesan, M. Sangeetha, C. Sagana and K. Devendran8.1 Introduction 2018.2 Confidential Transactions 2028.3 Zero-Knowledge Protocol 2038.4 Zero-Knowledge Protocols 2128.5 Transformation Methods 2168.6 Conclusion 217References 2189 A Study on Post-Quantum Blockchain: The Next Innovation for Smarter and Safer Cities 221G.K. Kamalam and R.S. Shudapreyaa9.1 Blockchain: The Next Big Thing in Smart City Technology 2229.2 Application of Blockchain Technology in Smart Cities 2269.3 Using Blockchain to Secure Smart Cities 2289.4 Blockchain Public Key Security 2319.5 Quantum Threats on Blockchain Enabled Smart City 2339.6 Post-Quantum Blockchain–Based Smart City Solutions 2359.7 Quantum Computing Fast Evolution 2369.8 Conclusion 238References 23910 Quantum Protocols for Hash-Based Blockchain 241Sathya K., Premalatha J., Balamurugan Balusamy and Sarumathi Murali10.1 Introduction 24210.2 Consensus Protocols 24210.3 Quantum Blockchain 24610.4 Quantum Honest-Success Byzantine Agreement (QHBA) Protocol 25510.5 MatRiCT Protocol 25810.6 Conclusion 261References 26111 Post-Quantum Blockchain–Enabled Services in Scalable Smart Cities 263Kumar Prateek and Soumyadev Maity11.1 Introduction 26411.2 Preliminaries 26711.3 Related Work 27311.4 Background of Proposed Work 27411.5 Proposed Work 27811.6 Conclusion 287References 28812 Security Threats and Privacy Challenges in the Quantum Blockchain: A Contemporary Survey 293K. Sentamilselvan, Suresh P., Kamalam G. K., Muthukrishnan H., Logeswaran K. and Keerthika P.12.1 Introduction 29412.2 Types of Blockchain 29712.3 Quantum Blockchain: State of the Art 29812.4 Voting Protocol 30312.5 Security and Privacy Issues in Quantum Blockchain 30612.6 Challenges and Research Perspective in Quantum Blockchain 30812.7 Security Threats in Quantum Blockchain 31012.8 Applications of Quantum Blockchain 31112.9 Characteristics of Post-Quantum Blockchain Schemes 31312.10 Conclusion 314References 31413 Exploration of Quantum Blockchain Techniques Towards Sustainable Future Cybersecurity 317H. Muthukrishnan, P. Suresh, K. Logeswaran and K. Sentamilselvan13.1 Introduction to Blockchain 31813.2 Insights on Quantum Computing 32213.3 Quantum Computing Algorithms 33213.4 Quantum Secured Blockchain 33313.5 Conclusion 339References 33914 Estimation of Bitcoin Price Trends Using Supervised Learning Approaches 341Prasannavenkatesan Theerthagiri14.1 Introduction 34114.2 Related Work 34314.3 Methodology 34414.4 Implementation of the Proposed Work 34914.5 Results Evaluation and Discussion 35214.6 Conclusion 353References 353Index 357