Python for Engineers and Scientists

Dr. Rakesh Nayak, author of two text books, is currently a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, India. He earned his Master’s degree in Computer Applications from Indira Gandhi National Open University in the year 2007 and MTech in computer science and engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India in 2010 and his PhD degree in Computer Science from Behrampur University, Odisha, India in 2013. Prior to joining the computer science department of O. P. Jindal University in January 2022, he worked in various capacities in different Engineering/MCA colleges. He has more than 22 years of teaching experience and has guided 11 MTech students. He has many publications in international journals to his credit.Dr. Nishu Gupta is a senior member, IEEE. He is a postdoctoral fellow in the Smart Wireless Systems (SWS) Research Group at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), located in Gjøvik, Norway. Before this position, he was an assistant professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. He earned his PhD degree from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India, which is an Institute of National Importance as declared by the Govt. of India. He has authored and edited several books with international publishers such as Taylor & Francis, Springer, Wiley, Scrivener, among others. Dr. Nishu is on the editorial board of various International reputed journals and transactions. Dr. Nishu serves as an active reviewer in various highly reputed journals such as IEEE Transactions on ITS, IEEE Access, IET Communications and many more. He is a recipient of the Best Paper Presentation Award during an International Conference at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His research interests include Autonomous Vehicles, Edge Computing, Augmented Intelligence, Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Ad-Hoc Networks, Vehicular Communication, Driving Efficiency, Cognitive Computing, and Human-Machine Interaction.

• DedicationAcknowledgementsAbout the AuthorsForewordsPrefaceSECTION I: Python FundamentalsChapter 1- Interaction with Python1.1 Introduction1.2. Variables and Identifiers1.2.1. How to Name Identifiers1.2.2. Use of Descriptive Identifiers and Comments1.2.3. Variable Types1.2.3.1. Numeric Data types1.2.3.2. None Data types1.2.3.3. Sequence Data types1.2.3.4. Set Data type1.2.3.5. Mapping Data type1.2.3.6. Array Datatype1.3. Constant1.4. Statement and Expression1.5. Input statements1.6. Output statements1.7. Formatting Output statements1.7.1. Escape Character1.7.2. sep and end 1.7.3. String formatting with format()1.7.4. Numbers formatting with format()1.8. Comment StatementMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 2- Operators2.1. Introduction2.2. Types of Operators2.2.1. Assignment Operator2.2.2. Arithmetic Operators2.2.2.1. Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 2.2.3. Relational Operators2.2.4. Logical Operators2.2.4.1. and Operator2.2.4.2. or Operator2.2.4.3. not Operator2.2.5. Increment and Decrement Operators2.2.6. Bitwise Operators2.2.6.1. Bitwise AND operator (&)2.2.6.2. Bitwise OR operator (|)2.2.6.3. Bitwise XOR operator (^)2.2.6.4. Bitwise Complement (~)2.2.6.5. Bitwise Left Shift (<<)2.2.6.6. Bitwise Right Shift (>>)2.2.7. Membership Operators2.2.8. Identity Operators2.2.9. Precedence of all Operators2.3. Type Casting Additional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 3 -Control Structures3.1. Introduction3.2. Conditionals3.2.1. Conditional if-else3.2.2. Conditional if-elif-else3.2.3. Nested if-elif-else statements.3.2.4. Ternary Operator3.3. Loops3.3.1. While Loop3.3.2. For Loop3.3.2.1. The range () function3.3.3. Continue, Break and Pass3.3.3.1. Continue Statement3.3.3.2. Break Statement3.3.3.3. Pass Statemtn3.3.4. Nested Loops3.4. Looping through two lists3.5. IteratorAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsChapter 4 -String4.1. Introduction4.2. Strings 4.2.1. Creating List4.2.1.1. Creating an Empty String4.2.1.2. Creating a sting from numbers4.2.1.3. Creating a string from list and Tuple4.2.2. Accessing String4.2.2.1. Membership in String4.2.3. String Operations4.2.3.1. Concatenation4.2.3.2. Repetition4.2.4. Character Encoding 4.2.5. String Functions and Methods 4.2.6. String Slicing4.2.6.1. String Slicing with Negative Index4.2.6.2. String Slicing with Step4.2.6.3. String Slicing Default IndexAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER 5- List & Tuple5.1. Introduction5.2. List5.2.1. Creating List5.2.1.1. Creating an Empty list5.2.1.2. Creating a list from a string5.4.1.3. Creating a list by range function5.2.1.4. Creating a list from another list5.2.2. List Operations5.2.3. Accessing List5.2.3.1. Membership in List5.2.4. List Functions and Methods5.2.5. List Slicing 5.2.5.1. List Slicing with Negative Index5.2.5.2. List Slicing with Step5.2.5.3. List Slicing Default Index5.2.6. Difference between Assignment and Copying a List5.3. Multi-Dimensional Lists5.3.1. Retrieval from Multidimensional list5.4. Tuples5.4.1. Creating Tuple5.4.1.1. Creating a tuple with no item5.4.1.2. Creating tuple with a single item5.4.1.3. Nesting tuples5.4.1.4. Creating Tuple from List5.4.1.5. Creating Tuple from String5.4.2. Tuple Operations5.4.2.1. Concatenation (+) Operation5.4.2.2. Repetition (*) Operation5.4.3. Tuple Assignment5.4.4. Accessing Tuple5.4.4.1. Membership in Tuple5.4.5. Updating Tuples5.4.6. Tuple Functions & Methods 5.4.7. Tuple Slicing5.5. Advantages of Tuple over ListAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-6 Dictionary6.1. Introduction6.2. Dictionaries6.2.1. Creating Dictionary6.2.1.1. Creating a dictionary with no item6.2.1.2. Creating a dictionary with dict()6.2.1.3. Creating a default dictionary4.2.1.4. Creating a dictionary from list6.2.1.5. Insertion of a new key-value6.2.2. Dictionary Assignment6.2.3. Accessing Dictionary6.2.4. Dictionary MethodsAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-7 Set 7.1. Introduction 7.2. SET 7.2.1. Creating Set7.2.1.1. Creating an Empty Set7.2.1.2. Creating a Set from a List, Tuples and String7.2.1.3. Creating a Set from a Dictionary7.2.2. Accessing Set elements7.2.3. Set Operations7.2.3. Set Functions and MethodsAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-8 Methods8.1. Introduction8.2. Functions8.3. Parameterized Function8.3.1. Positional and Keyword Parameters8.3.2. Default Parameter8.3.3. Function with Variable number of Arguments 8.4. The Return Statement8.5. Namespace and Scope of a variable8.6. Recursive Function8.7. Lambda Function8.8. Generators8.9. Python Modules8.9.1. Importing a Module8.9.2. Aliasing8.9.3. User defined Module8.10. Closures8.11. Decorators8.11. 1. Passing parameter to Decorator 8.11. 2. Decorator Chaining8.12. Some special methods and AttributesAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-9 File Handling9.1. Introduction9.2. File IO9.2.1. File Opening and Closing9.2.2. File Properties9.2.3. File Reading9.2.4. File Writing9.2.5. Binary File Reading/Writing9.2.6. CSV File Reading/Writing9.3. File Position9.4. Some more File operations9.5. Operating System related Operations9.6 The ‘with’ statement9.7 PicklingAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsSECTION II: Object Oriented Concepts in PythonChapter 10: Class and Objects10.1. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming10.2. Class and Object10.2.1 Defining a Class 10.2.2 Generating an Object10.2.3. __init__, __new__, and __del__10.2.3.1 The __init__() 10.2.3.2 The __new__()10.2.3.3 The __del__() 10.3. Variables and Methods10.3.1. Variables10.3.1.1. Object Variables (Instance Variables)10.3.1.2. Class Variables (Static Variables)10.3.2. Accessing Variables10.4. Private and Public variables10.4.1. Variable starts without any _ symbol (No Underscore)10.4.2. Variable starting with _ symbol (single underscore)10.4.3. Variable starting with __ symbols (two underscore)10.5. Methods10.5.1. Instance Method10.5.2. Class Method10.5.3 Static Method10.6. Class inside a class (Inner Class)10.6.1. Accessing attributes of inner Class10.7. Some special methodsAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-11 Inheritance11.1. Introduction11.1.1. Single Level inheritance11.1.2. Multi-Level Inheritance11.1.3. Multiple Inheritance11.1.4. Hierarchical Inheritance11.1.5. Hybrid Inheritance11.2. Initialization in Inheritance11.2.1. __init__() for the child class only is defined11.2.2.__init__() for the base class only is defined11.2.3.__init__() for both sub class and super class is defined11.3. Method Resolution order (MRO)11.4. Specialized MethodsAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-12 Polymorphism12.1. Introduction12.1.1. Duck-Typing12.1.2. Operator Overloading12.1.3. Method Overloading12.1.4. Method Overriding12.2. EncapsulationAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-13 Abstract Class, Aggregation, Composition13.1. Introduction- Abstract Class13.2. Abstract Class and Abstract Method13.3. Relationship13.3.1. Association Relationship13.3.2. Aggregation (uses a) relationship13.3.3. Composition (has a) relationship13.4. Difference between Inheritance and Association13.5. Difference between Aggregation and CompositionAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice QuestionsCHAPTER-14 Exception Handling14.1. Errors and Exceptions14.2. The try, except, else, finally Block14.2.1. The try, except Block14.2.2. The try, except, else Block14.2.3. The try, except, else, finally Block14.2.4. Mentioning the Error Description14.3. The Exception Hierarchy14.4. Exception in a Function14.5. The raised exception14.6. User Defined Exceptions14.7. AssertionAdditional ExamplesMultiple Choice QuestionsDescriptive QuestionsProgramming QuestionsSolutions to Multiple Choice Questions