Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 4

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Sk??odowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.

• Preface xiii1 Adhesion Phenomena Pertaining to Thermal Interface Materials and Solder Interconnects in Microelectronic Packaging: A Critical Review 1Dinesh P R Thanu, Aravindha Antoniswamy, Roozbeh Danaei and Manish Keswani1.1 Introduction 21.2 Polymer Thermal Interface Material -Metal Interface Adhesion Phenomena 31.2.1 Basics of Thermal Interface Material Adhesion 31.2.2 Current Status of Thermal Interface Materials and their Bonding Mechanisms 51.2.3 Chemical Bonding 61.2.4 Mechanical Interlocking 121.2.5 Weak Boundary Layer 141.3 Ball Grid Array Solder Attach Adhesion Phenomena 141.3.1 Solder Alloy Selection 151.3.2 Flux Selection 181.4 Summary 19Nomenclature 20References 212 Influence of Silicon-Containing Compounds on Adhesives for and Adhesion to Wood and Lignocellulosic Materials: A Critical Review 25Marko Petricˇ2.1 Introduction 262.2 An Overview of Compounds and Natural Minerals Containing the Element Si, which are the Most Relevant in the Science and Technology of Lignocellulosics 292.2.1 Silica – SiO2 292.2.2 Silicates and Clay 302.2.3 Silicones 322.2.4 Silanes and Silsesquioxanes 332.3 Si-containing Compounds in Adhesives and in Lignocellulosic Substrates and their Influence on the Performance of Adhesive Bonds 352.3.1 Compounds of Silicon in Adhesives 352.3.1.1 Inorganic Compounds of Si (Silica, Silicates, Clay, and Other Inorganic Compounds) 352.3.1.2 Organosilicon Compounds in Adhesives 402.3.2 Silicon-containing Compounds in Lignocellulosics with Regard to the Properties of Adhesive Bonds 422.3.3 Influence of Si in Coatings or in Lignocellulosic Substrates with Regard to Coatings Adhesion to the Substrates 442.4 Interactions of the Si Compounds with Lignocellulosics 462.4.1 Interactions with Silica 462.4.2 Interactions with Silicates 482.4.3 Interactions with Silicones 492.4.4 Interactions with Organosilicon Compounds and Coupling Agents 502.4.4.1 Interactions with Organosilicon Compounds 502.4.4.2 Coupling Agents 522.5 Wood- and Lignocellulose-based Composites Containing Si Compounds 572.5.1 Composites Containing Silica 572.5.2 Composites Containing Silicates and Clay 592.5.3 Composites Containing Silicones 602.5.4 Composites with Organosilicon Compounds 612.6 Summary and General Remarks 642.7 Acknowledgments 65References 653 Recent Advances in Adhesively Bonded Lap Joints Having Bi-Adhesive and Modulus-Graded Bondlines: A Critical Review 77 Özkan Öz and Halil Özer 3.1 Introduction 773.2 Bi-adhesive Joints 803.2.1 Numerical and Analytical Studies 803.2.2 Experimental Studies 843.3 Modulus-Graded Bondline 883.3.1 Numerical and Analytical Studies 883.3.2 Experimental Studies 913.4 Summary 94Acknowledgement 94Nomenclature 94References 944 Adhesion between Compounded Elastomers: A Critical Review 99 K. Dinesh Kumar, M.S. Satyanarayana, Ganesh C. Basak and Anil K. Bhowmick 4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Co-crosslinking 1014.2.1 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) by Co-crosslinking 1044.2.2 Adhesion Between Partially Vulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) and Partially Vulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) by Co-crosslinking 1184.3 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber or Partially Vulcanized Rubber 1384.3.1 Adhesion between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) 1404.3.2 Adhesion between Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) 1644.4 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Vulcanized Rubber 1664.5 Summary 184Acknowledgements 186List of Symbols 186List of Abbreviations 187References 1895 Contact Angle Measurements and Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Foods: A Critical Review 193 Davide Rossi, Paola Pittia and Nicola Realdon 5.1 Introduction 1945.1.1 Prospects 1995.2 Contact Angle Measurements in Pharmaceutical Field 2005.2.1 Pharmaceutical Powders 2005.2.2 Solvents for Pharmaceutical Use 2115.2.3 Injectable Solutions for Parenteral Use 2185.3 Contact Angle Measurements in Foods 2225.3.1 Solid Foods 2225.3.2 Liquid Foods and Beverages 2315.3.3 Food Packaging 2345.4 Summary 236Acknowledgement 236References 2376 The Formation Processes of Functional Groups at Polyolefin Surfaces on Exposure to Oxygen or Ammonia Plasma: A Critical Review 241 Jörg Friedrich 6.1 Introduction 2426.1.1 Reasons for Polyolefin Surface Functionalization 2426.1.2 Energetic Considerations, Thermodynamics and Probability of Reactions 2456.1.3 Processes on Molecular Level at Polyolefin Surface 2496.2 Oxygen Plasma Treatment 2546.2.1 Formation of O Functional Groups at Polyolefin Surfaces on Exposure to Oxygen Plasma 2546.2.2 Kinetics of Polyolefin Oxidation – Dependence on Parameters 2606.2.3 Influence of Type of Plasma Gas 2626.2.4 Influence of Polymer Composition 2636.2.5 Auto-Oxidation 2656.2.6 Oxidation by Exposure to Noble Gas Plasmas 2676.2.7 Generation of OH Groups on the Surface of Polyolefins by Deposition of a Thin Layer of Poly(allyl alcohol) Plasma Polymer 2696.3 Ammonia Plasma for Introduction of NH2 Groups onto Polyolefin Surfaces 2726.3.1 Production of Primary Amino Groups on Exposure to Plasma 2746.3.2 Thermodynamic Aspects 2756.3.3 Ammonia Plasma 2776.3.4 Formation of Functional Groups on Exposure to NH3 Plasma 2786.3.5 Kinetics of N and NH2 Introduction on Exposure to Ammonia or Nitrogen-Hydrogen Plasmas 2806.3.6 Side-Reactions at Polyolefin Surfaces on Exposure to NH3 Plasma 2836.3.6.1 Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation 2846.3.6.2 Post-Plasma Oxidation 2866.3.6.3 Nitrile Formation 2866.3.7 NH2 Groups via Plasma Polymerization of Allylamine and Other N-Precursors 2906.3.8 Attempts to Increase the Concentration of NH2 Groups by Addition of Ammonia to Allylamine Plasma Polymerization 2946.3.9 Significant Side-Reactions During and After Plasma Polymerization of Allylamine 2946.4 Discussion 2976.5 Summary 303Acknowledgement 304References 3047 Surface Free Energy Determination of Powders and Particles with Pharmaceutical Applications: A Critical Review 315 Frank M. Etzler and Douglas Gardner 7.1 Introduction 3157.2 Surface Thermodynamic Quantities of Pure Materials 3167.3 Contact Angle Methods 3207.3.1 The Zisman Method 3207.3.2 The van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Method 3207.3.2.1 Methods for Calculating the van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Parameters 3247.3.3 The Chang – Chen Method 3257.4 Determination of Surface Free Energy using IGC and AFM 3267.4.1 Application of the Fowkes Method to IGC Data 3267.4.2 Application of the van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Method to IGC Data 3287.4.3 Application of the Chang-Chen Model to IGC Data 3297.4.4 AFM Methods 3297.5 Characterizing Surface Properties by Inverse Gas Chromatography 3317.5.1 IGC Measurements - Experimental Considerations 3327.5.2 Finite Dilution IGC 3397.6 Pharmaceutical Applications 3407.6.1 Surface Free Energy and Crystal Planes 3407.6.2 Compaction of Tablets 3417.6.3 Effects of Processing on Surface Free Energy 3427.6.4 Performance of Dry Powder Inhalers 3447.6.5 Powder Flow 3457.7 Summary 346References 3478 Understanding Wood Bonds–Going Beyond What Meets the Eye: A Critical Review 353 Christopher G. Hunt, Charles R. Frihart, Manfred Dunky and Anti Rohumaa 8.1 Introduction: Macroscopic Knowledge for Successful Adhesive Bonding of Wood 3538.2 Bond Formation (Developing Adhesion) 3568.2.1 Influence of Wood Structure on Bonding 3568.2.2 Influence of Wood Surface Quality on Bonding 3608.2.2.1 Mechanical Damage at the Wood Surface 3618.2.2.2 Surface Chemistry Barriers to Bonding 3658.2.3 Adhesive Penetration 3678.2.3.1 Void Penetration (Bulk Flow) 3688.2.3.2 Cell Wall Penetration (Infiltration) 3708.2.4 Adhesive Properties that Influence Void and Cell Wall Penetration 3738.3 Properties of Adhesive-Wood Assemblies 3758.3.1 Zones in a Wood Bond 3758.3.2 How Adhesives Accommodate Wood Swelling 3768.3.3 Two Classes of Adhesives 3778.3.4 Methods for Determining Void and Cell Wall Penetration 3798.2.4.1 Quantifying Depth of Void Penetration 3868.3.5 Shortcomings of Standardized Tests 3878.4 A More Detailed Approach than Standard Wood Failure Analysis 3888.4.1 Going Beyond What Meets the Eye to Understand Epoxy Failure 3898.4.2 Using SEM to Detect Brittle Failure in UF 3918.4.3 Alternative Mechanical Methods of Testing for More Information 3918.5 Unresolved Questions in Wood Bonding Research 3938.5.1 How Do We Make Wood Surfaces Better for Bonding? 3938.5.2 Does the Adhesive Have Good Penetration into the Wood Structure? 3948.5.3 How Does the Adhesive Interact with the Wood at the Nanoscale and Molecular Level? 3948.5.4 Can We Improve the Resistance of Bonds to the Dimensional Changes in Wood with Variation in Moisture? 3958.5.5 How do Primers Work? 3958.5.6 Where Does the Bond Failure Initiate and How Does it Propagate? 3968.5.7 How Do We Optimize the Benefits of Cell Wall Penetration? 3968.5.8 How Does the Adhesive Form a Suitable Polymer Matrix to Bridge Between the Two Wood Surfaces? 3978.5.9 Will Adhesives Based on Renewable Resources be the Future in Wood Bonding? 3978.5.10 How Much the Experience with Solid Wood Bonding can be Used to Understand Wood Based Particulate Bonding? 3988.5.11 How Do We Compare Results Obtained in Different Laboratories with Different Wood Species with Different Adhesives? 3988.6 Summary 399List of Abbreviations 399References 4009 Dispersion Adhesion Forces between Macroscopic Objects–Basic Concepts and Modelling Techniques: A Critical Review 421 Youcef Djafri and Djamel Turki 9.1 Introduction 4219.2 Basic Concepts 4229.3 Modeling Techniques 4249.3.1 The Microscopic Theory (Hamaker’s Approach) 4249.3.2 The Proximity-Force Approximation 4269.3.3 The Retardation Effect 4279.3.3.1 The Retarded vdW Forces 4279.3.3.2 Retardation in Macroscopic Bodies 4289.3.4 The Casimir Effect 4299.3.5 Worldline Calculations of the Casimir Effect 4319.3.6 The Macroscopic Theory of Van der Waals Forces (DLP Method) 4319.3.7 The Coupled Dipole Method 4349.4 Discussion and Prospects 4379.5 Summary 438References 439