Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 3

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993 Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.

• Preface xiii1 Nanoparticles as Interphase Modifiers in Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites: A Critical Review 1Kyle B. Caldwell and John C. Berg1.1 Introduction 11.2 Grown Interphases from Fiber Surfaces 31.2.1 Introduction 31.2.2 ZnO Nanowhiskers 51.2.2.1 Effects of NW Diameter and Length 61.2.2.2 Effects of Reinforcing Fiber Surface Chemistry and Roughness 91.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 101.2.3.1 Effects of CNT Length 111.2.3.2 Effects of CVD Conditions 141.2.4 Electroless Plating 151.2.5 Conclusions: Grown Interphases from Fiber Surfaces 171.3 Deposited Interphases 191.3.1 Introduction 191.3.2 Advanced Sizing Packages 201.3.3 Electrophoretic Deposition 221.3.4 Electrostatic Attraction 261.3.4.1 Layer-by-layer Deposition 261.3.5 Reaction Deposited Interphases 281.3.6 Conclusions: Deposited Interphases 301.4 Self-assembled Interphases 301.4.1 Introduction 301.4.2 Migrating Agents 321.4.3 Phase Separation 341.4.4 Depletion Interaction 351.4.5 Conclusions: Self-assembled Interphases 401.5 Summary 41Acknowledgments 43List of Abbreviations (Alphabetized) 44References 442 Fabrication of Micro/Nano Patterns on Polymeric Substrates Using Laser Ablation Methods to Control Wettability Behaviour: A Critical Review 53Salma Falah Toosi, Sona Moradi and Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos2.1 Introduction 532.2 Wetting States, Regimes, and Roughness 542.2.1 Contact Angle 542.2.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis 572.3 Laser Ablation: Experimental Setup 582.4 Laser Ablation of Polymeric Surfaces 592.4.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 612.4.2 Polylactide (PLA and PLLA) 642.4.3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 662.4.4 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) 672.5 Summary 69References 703 Plasma Processing of Aluminum Alloys to Promote Adhesion: A Critical Review 77Vinay Kumar Patel and Shantanu Bhowmik3.1 Introduction 783.2 Plasma Processing of Aluminum for Improved Wettability and Adhesion 793.3 Plasma Processing of Aluminum Alloy for Improved Corrosion Resistance 853.4 Plasma Processing of Aluminum Alloy for Improved Bond Strength 873.5 Plasma Processing of Aluminum Alloy for Enhanced Tribological and Mechanical Performance 893.6 Summary 95References 974 UV-Curing of Adhesives: A Critical Review 101Alessandra Vitale, Giuseppe Trusiano and Roberta Bongiovanni4.1 Introduction 1014.2 Basics of Radiation Curing 1024.3 UV-Curing for the Production of Adhesives 1124.4 Adhesives Obtained by a Single Direct UV-Curing Step 1204.5 Adhesives Obtained by a Dual-Cure Process 1294.5.1 UV-Curing and Thermal Cure 1304.5.2 UV-Curing and Anaerobic Cure 1314.5.3 UV-Curing and Moisture Cure 1324.5.4 Other Types of Dual-Cure 1334.6 Photocurable Adhesives for Medical Applications 1354.6.1 Tissue Adhesives 1354.6.2 Bioinspired Tissue Adhesives 1364.6.3 Dental Adhesives 1384.7 Light-Induced Reversible Bonding/Debonding 1404.8 Summary 143References 1445 Stress and Failure Analyses of Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composite Plates and Tubes: A Critical Review 155S.V. Nimje and S. K. Panigrahi5.1 Introduction 1565.2 Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints 1575.2.1 Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composite Plates 1575.2.2 Stress Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composite Tubes 1625.3 Failure Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composite Plates 1635.4 Failure Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Tubular Joints of Laminated FRP Composites 1655.5 Failure Analysis of Functionally Graded Bonded Joints 1665.5.1 Effect of Functionally Graded Plates/Tubes on Joint Failure 1675.5.2 Effect of Functionally Graded Adhesive on Joint Failure 1685.6 Summary 178References 1796 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Elastomers: A Critical Review 185K. Dinesh Kumar, Ganesh C. Basak and Anil K. Bhowmick6.1 Introduction 1866.2 Autohesive Tack 1876.2.1 Autohesive Tack Criteria 1886.2.2 Theories Related to Autohesive Tack 1896.2.2.1 Diffusion Theory 1896.2.2.2 Contact Theory 1906.2.3 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Formation Process 1926.2.3.1 Effect of Contact Time 1926.2.3.2 Effect of Contact Pressure 1956.2.3.3 Effect of Contact Temperature 1956.2.3.4 Effect of Surface Roughness 1976.2.4 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Destruction Process 1986.2.4.1 Effect of Test Rate 1986.2.4.2 Effect of Test Temperature 1986.2.4.3 Effect of Bond Thickness 1986.2.5 Effect of Molecular Properties on Autohesive Tack 1996.2.5.1 Effect of Molecular Weight 1996.2.5.2 Effect of Microstructure 2006.2.5.3 Effect of Crystallinity 2006.2.5.4 Effect of Polar Groups 2016.2.6 Environmental Effects on Autohesive Tack 2026.2.6.1 Effect of Surface Oxidation 2026.2.6.2 Effect of Humidity 2026.2.7 Effect of Compounding Ingredients on Autohesive Tack 2026.2.7.1 Effect of Processing Oil 2026.2.7.2 Effect of Tackifiers 2026.2.7.2.1 Tackification Mechanism in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 2036.2.7.2.2 Effect of Tackifiers on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry 2076.2.8 Effect of Fillers 2306.2.8.1 Effect of Carbon Black and Silica on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry 2306.2.8.2 Effect of Nanoclay on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry 2336.3 Self - Healing Elastomers: Future Scope Based on Tack Behavior of Elastomers 2406.4 Summary 242Acknowledgements 244List of Symbols 245List of Abbreviations 246References 2477 Dielectrowetting for Digital Microfluidics: Principle and Application. A Critical Review 253Hongyao Geng and Sung Kwon Cho7.1 Introduction 2547.2 Electrostatic Forces on a Liquid 2577.3 Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) 2587.4 Liquid-Dielectrophoresis (L-DEP) 2617.5 L-DEP in Microfluidics 2657.6 Dielectrowetting 2667.7 Droplet Manipulations by Dielectrowetting 2737.7.1 Experimental Setup 2737.7.2 Droplet Splitting and Transporting 2757.7.3 Multi-Splitting and Merging of Droplets 2757.7.4 Droplet Creating 2767.7.5 Manipulations of Aqueous Droplets 2777.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 2787.9 Acknowledgement 281References 2818 Control of Biofilm at the Tooth-Restoration Bonding Interface: A Question for Antibacterial  Monomers? A Critical Review 287Mary Anne S. Melo, Michael D. Weir, Fang Li, Lei Cheng, Ke Zhang and Hockin H. K. Xu8.1 Introduction 2888.2 Tooth-Restoration Bonding Interface Failure: The Bacterial Factor 2908.3 Mechanism of Adhesive-Bacteria Interaction 2928.4 Current Antibacterial Approaches via Components of Tooth/Restoration Interface Bonding Materials (Dental Primers and Adhesives) 2938.5 Incorporation of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Monomers and its Impact on the Mechanical Properties 2958.6 Long-Lasting Antibacterial Activity 2978.7 Biocompatibility 2988.8 Limitations 2998.9 Prospects 3018.10 Summary 301References 3019 Easy-to-Clean Superhydrophobic Coatings Based on Sol-Gel Technology: A Critical Review 307S. Czyzyk, A.Dotan, H. Dodiuk, and S. Kenig9.1 Introduction 3089.2 Superhydrophobicity: Key Concepts 3089.2.1 Morphology Characterization of a Superhydrophobic Surface 3129.2.1.1 Roughness Characterization 3139.2.1.2 Porosity Characterization 3159.2.2 Superhydrophobicity Fabrication Methods 3159.2.2.1 Top-Down 3159.2.2.2 Bottom-Up 3169.3 Sol-Gel Process 3169.3.1 Process Stages 3179.3.1.1 Factors Affecting the Reaction Kinetics and the Final Product 3199.3.1.1.1 Main Factors Affecting the Sol-Gel Process 3199.3.2 Organofunctional Alkoxysilane – A Hybrid Sol-Gel 3229.3.2.1 Hybrid Sol-Gel Fabrication Methods 3239.3.2.2 Easy-to-Clean Superhydrophobic Sol-Gel Coatings 3279.3.2.3 Properties of Superhydrophobic Coatings Fabricated via Sol-Gel Method 3299.4 Summary 333Acknowledgement 334List of Abbreviations 334References 33510 Cyanoacrylates: Towards High Temperature Resistant Instant Adhesives. A Critical Review 341Barry Burns10.1 Introduction 34110.2 Industrial Production of Cyanoacrylates 34310.3 Reactivity and Polymerisation of Cyanoacrylates 34410.4 Durability and Degradation of Polycyanoacrylate Polymers 34710.4.1 Durability of Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Bonds 34910.4.2 Hot Strength Performance 34910.4.3 Thermal Resistance Performance 35010.5 Strategies to Improve Thermal Durability 35110.5.1 Crosslinking Strategies 35210.5.1.1 Multifunctional or Bis-Cyanoacrylate Cross-Linking Approaches 35210.5.1.2 Alkyl-2-Cyanopentadienoate Cross-Linking Approaches 35310.5.1.3 Allyl Cyanoacrylate Crosslinking Approaches 35610.5.2 Additive Strategies 35710.6 Summary 361Acknowledgements 364References 36411 Strategies to Inactivate the Endogenous Dentin Proteases to Promote Resin-Dentin Bond Longevity in Adhesive Dentistry: A Critical Review 369Regina Guenka Palma-Dibb, Lourenço de Moraes Rego Roselino, Pedro Turrini Neto and Juliana Jendiroba Faraoni11.1 Introduction 36911.2 Enzymes in Dentin 37011.3 Enzymes Inactivation/Collagen Cross-Linking 37311.3.1 Natural Crosslinkers 37411.3.1.1 Proanthocianidin – Grape Seed Extract (PA) 37411.3.1.2 Chitosan (CH) 37511.3.1.3 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 37611.3.1.4 Low Dose Riboflavin/UVA-Activated Riboflavin 37611.3.1.5 Genipin 37711.3.1.6 Hesperidin 37711.3.1.7 Galardin 37711.3.2 Synthetic Crosslinkers 37711.3.2.1 Chlorhexidine (CHX) 37711.3.2.2 Glutaraldehyde (GA) 37811.3.2.3 Carbodiimide 37811.3.2.4 Quaternary Ammoniun Compounds (QACs) 37911.3.2.5 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) 38011.3.2.6 Tetracycline 38011.4 Clinical Considerations 38011.5 Summary 380Acknowledgment 382References 38212 Effects of Nanoparticles on Nanocomposites Mode I and II Fracture: A Critical Review 391P. Ghabezi and M. Farahani12.1 Introduction 39112.2 Energy Release Rate 39212.3 Traction-Separation Laws 39412.4 Effect of Nanoparticles on Mode I and II Fracture 39612.5 Traction – Separation Laws in Mode I and II (Case Study) 40512.5.1 Materials, Geometry and Test Parameters 40612.6 Summary 407Acknowledgement 408Nomenclature 408References 408