Carter F. Smith teaches security and criminal justice courses in the Department of Criminal Justice Administration at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN. He has also taught at Austin Peay State University and the Florida Institute of Technology. Dr. Smith received a Ph.D. in Business Administration from Northcentral University, a Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University, and a Bachelor of Science Degree from Austin Peay State University. He has taught Security and Security Administration courses since 2005. Smith has taught classes for many Gang Investigators Associations, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the National Crime Prevention Council, the Regional Organized Crime Information Center, the National Gang Crime Research Center, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Army. Smith is a retired U.S. Army Criminal Investigations Division (CID) Command Special Agent. He provided and directed the security of several U.S. Army bases, supervised multi-national fraud and theft investigations, and conducted various criminal and cyber-crime investigations in Germany, Korea, Panama, and the United States. He has been interviewed by several national, regional and local television, print, internet and radio news sources, and has appeared twice in the History Channel’s Gangland series. He is a member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), The American Society of Criminology, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the American Criminal Justice Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, Infragard, and ASIS International. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, where he also was recognized as Distinguished Professor. Dr. Schmalleger holds degrees from the University of Notre Dame and The Ohio State University; he earned both a master's and a doctorate in sociology, with a special emphasis in criminology, from The Ohio State University. From 1976 to 1994, he taught criminal justice courses at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, and for the last 16 of those years, he chaired the university's Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalleger helped develop the university's graduate program in security administration and loss prevention and taught courses in that curriculum for more than a decade. Schmalleger has also taught in the New School for Social Research's online graduate program, helping build the world's first electronic classrooms in support of distance learning through computer telecommunications. Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles as well as many books: Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (Pearson, 2015), now in its thirteenth edition; Juvenile Delinquency (with Clemmens Bartollas; Pearson, 2014); Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Tenth Edition (Pearson 2014); Criminal Law Today, Fifth Edition (Pearson, 2014); Corrections in the Twenty-First Century (with John Smykla; McGraw-Hill, 2015); and many other titles. He is also founding editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Studies (formerly The Justice Professional).       Larry J. Siegel, a graduate of Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx, received his BA at the City College of New York, and his MA and Ph.D. in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany, Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at Northeastern University—where he was a faculty member for nine years and held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska-Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire before joining the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell where he taught for the past 26 years. He is now a professor emeritus and adjunct professor in the graduate program in the School of Criminology and Justice Studies. Dr. Siegel has also written extensively in the area of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminology, corrections, courts and criminal procedure. He is a court certified expert on police conduct and has testified in numerous legal cases.

• Chapter 1 Origins and Foundations of Security 1Introduction 2The History of Security 3Security in European History 3Security in North America 4Spotlight Allan Pinkerton 5Security Today 7Defining Security 10The Need for Security 11Security Professionals 12Academic Recognition 13Security Careers 13The Role of Security 14Private Security and Public Space 16Private Security and Law Enforcement 17Agency Cooperation 17Overcoming Obstacles to Cooperation 18The Effect of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 18Volunteers in Security 19Neighborhood Watch 19Stand Your Ground 20Spotlight Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman 20Challenges in the Security Field 20Professional Organizations 22Summary 24  Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Security 26Introduction 27Why Do People Commit Crime? 28Focus on the Individual 28It’s a Rational Choice 28It’s in Your Makeup 29It’s in Your Mind 29It’s a Lack of Self-Control 30Social Influences 30It’s the Environment 30It is How You Are Raised 31Learning View 31Control View 32Multiple Causes/Multiple Crimes 32The Crime Triangle 33Controlling People 34General Deterrence 34Specific Deterrence 34Controlling Places 34Situational Crime Prevention 34Security in Practice Communities Feel Safer with Private Security 35Defensible Space 35Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 36Displacement and Diffusion 37Diffusion 37Broken Windows Theory 38Game Theory 38Summary 39Key Terms 40Review Questions 40Practical Application 40  Chapter 3 Security Administration and Management 42Introduction 43The Business of Security 43Security Programs: Proprietary versus Contractual 44Spotlight What Security Executives Should Know about Ethics 45Business Principles 45Ethics 45Explaining Ethics 46Natural Law 46Ethical Theory 46Religious Principles 47Legal Requirements 47Ethical Practice 48Ethical Systems 48

Carter F. Smith teaches security and criminal justice courses in the Department of Criminal Justice Administration at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN. He has also taught at Austin Peay State University and the Florida Institute of Technology. Dr. Smith received a Ph.D. in Business Administration from Northcentral University, a Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University, and a Bachelor of Science Degree from Austin Peay State University. He has taught Security and Security Administration courses since 2005. Smith has taught classes for many Gang Investigators Associations, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the National Crime Prevention Council, the Regional Organized Crime Information Center, the National Gang Crime Research Center, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Army. Smith is a retired U.S. Army Criminal Investigations Division (CID) Command Special Agent. He provided and directed the security of several U.S. Army bases, supervised multi-national fraud and theft investigations, and conducted various criminal and cyber-crime investigations in Germany, Korea, Panama, and the United States. He has been interviewed by several national, regional and local television, print, internet and radio news sources, and has appeared twice in the History Channel’s Gangland series. He is a member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), The American Society of Criminology, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the American Criminal Justice Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, Infragard, and ASIS International. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, where he also was recognized as Distinguished Professor. Dr. Schmalleger holds degrees from the University of Notre Dame and The Ohio State University; he earned both a master's and a doctorate in sociology, with a special emphasis in criminology, from The Ohio State University. From 1976 to 1994, he taught criminal justice courses at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, and for the last 16 of those years, he chaired the university's Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalleger helped develop the university's graduate program in security administration and loss prevention and taught courses in that curriculum for more than a decade. Schmalleger has also taught in the New School for Social Research's online graduate program, helping build the world's first electronic classrooms in support of distance learning through computer telecommunications. Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles as well as many books: Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (Pearson, 2015), now in its thirteenth edition; Juvenile Delinquency (with Clemmens Bartollas; Pearson, 2014); Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Tenth Edition (Pearson 2014); Criminal Law Today, Fifth Edition (Pearson, 2014); Corrections in the Twenty-First Century (with John Smykla; McGraw-Hill, 2015); and many other titles. He is also founding editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Studies (formerly The Justice Professional).       Larry J. Siegel, a graduate of Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx, received his BA at the City College of New York, and his MA and Ph.D. in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany, Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at Northeastern University—where he was a faculty member for nine years and held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska-Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire before joining the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell where he taught for the past 26 years. He is now a professor emeritus and adjunct professor in the graduate program in the School of Criminology and Justice Studies. Dr. Siegel has also written extensively in the area of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminology, corrections, courts and criminal procedure. He is a court certified expert on police conduct and has testified in numerous legal cases.

• Chapter 1 Origins and Foundations of Security 1Introduction 2The History of Security 3Security in European History 3Security in North America 4Spotlight Allan Pinkerton 5Security Today 7Defining Security 10The Need for Security 11Security Professionals 12Academic Recognition 13Security Careers 13The Role of Security 14Private Security and Public Space 16Private Security and Law Enforcement 17Agency Cooperation 17Overcoming Obstacles to Cooperation 18The Effect of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 18Volunteers in Security 19Neighborhood Watch 19Stand Your Ground 20Spotlight Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman 20Challenges in the Security Field 20Professional Organizations 22Summary 24  Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Security 26Introduction 27Why Do People Commit Crime? 28Focus on the Individual 28It’s a Rational Choice 28It’s in Your Makeup 29It’s in Your Mind 29It’s a Lack of Self-Control 30Social Influences 30It’s the Environment 30It is How You Are Raised 31Learning View 31Control View 32Multiple Causes/Multiple Crimes 32The Crime Triangle 33Controlling People 34General Deterrence 34Specific Deterrence 34Controlling Places 34Situational Crime Prevention 34Security in Practice Communities Feel Safer with Private Security 35Defensible Space 35Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 36Displacement and Diffusion 37Diffusion 37Broken Windows Theory 38Game Theory 38Summary 39Key Terms 40Review Questions 40Practical Application 40  Chapter 3 Security Administration and Management 42Introduction 43The Business of Security 43Security Programs: Proprietary versus Contractual 44Spotlight What Security Executives Should Know about Ethics 45Business Principles 45Ethics 45Explaining Ethics 46Natural Law 46Ethical Theory 46Religious Principles 47Legal Requirements 47Ethical Practice 48Ethical Systems 48

Carter F. Smith teaches security and criminal justice courses in the Department of Criminal Justice Administration at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, TN. He has also taught at Austin Peay State University and the Florida Institute of Technology. Dr. Smith received a Ph.D. in Business Administration from Northcentral University, a Juris Doctorate from Southern Illinois University, and a Bachelor of Science Degree from Austin Peay State University. He has taught Security and Security Administration courses since 2005. Smith has taught classes for many Gang Investigators Associations, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the National Crime Prevention Council, the Regional Organized Crime Information Center, the National Gang Crime Research Center, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Army. Smith is a retired U.S. Army Criminal Investigations Division (CID) Command Special Agent. He provided and directed the security of several U.S. Army bases, supervised multi-national fraud and theft investigations, and conducted various criminal and cyber-crime investigations in Germany, Korea, Panama, and the United States. He has been interviewed by several national, regional and local television, print, internet and radio news sources, and has appeared twice in the History Channel’s Gangland series. He is a member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), The American Society of Criminology, the Southern Criminal Justice Association, the American Criminal Justice Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, Infragard, and ASIS International. Frank Schmalleger, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, where he also was recognized as Distinguished Professor. Dr. Schmalleger holds degrees from the University of Notre Dame and The Ohio State University; he earned both a master's and a doctorate in sociology, with a special emphasis in criminology, from The Ohio State University. From 1976 to 1994, he taught criminal justice courses at The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, and for the last 16 of those years, he chaired the university's Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice. As an adjunct professor with Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri, Schmalleger helped develop the university's graduate program in security administration and loss prevention and taught courses in that curriculum for more than a decade. Schmalleger has also taught in the New School for Social Research's online graduate program, helping build the world's first electronic classrooms in support of distance learning through computer telecommunications. Schmalleger is the author of numerous articles as well as many books: Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (Pearson, 2015), now in its thirteenth edition; Juvenile Delinquency (with Clemmens Bartollas; Pearson, 2014); Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Tenth Edition (Pearson 2014); Criminal Law Today, Fifth Edition (Pearson, 2014); Corrections in the Twenty-First Century (with John Smykla; McGraw-Hill, 2015); and many other titles. He is also founding editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Studies (formerly The Justice Professional).       Larry J. Siegel, a graduate of Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx, received his BA at the City College of New York, and his MA and Ph.D. in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Albany, Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at Northeastern University—where he was a faculty member for nine years and held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska-Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire before joining the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell where he taught for the past 26 years. He is now a professor emeritus and adjunct professor in the graduate program in the School of Criminology and Justice Studies. Dr. Siegel has also written extensively in the area of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminology, corrections, courts and criminal procedure. He is a court certified expert on police conduct and has testified in numerous legal cases.

• Chapter 1 Origins and Foundations of Security 1Introduction 2The History of Security 3Security in European History 3Security in North America 4Spotlight Allan Pinkerton 5Security Today 7Defining Security 10The Need for Security 11Security Professionals 12Academic Recognition 13Security Careers 13The Role of Security 14Private Security and Public Space 16Private Security and Law Enforcement 17Agency Cooperation 17Overcoming Obstacles to Cooperation 18The Effect of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 18Volunteers in Security 19Neighborhood Watch 19Stand Your Ground 20Spotlight Trayvon Martin and George Zimmerman 20Challenges in the Security Field 20Professional Organizations 22Summary 24  Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Security 26Introduction 27Why Do People Commit Crime? 28Focus on the Individual 28It’s a Rational Choice 28It’s in Your Makeup 29It’s in Your Mind 29It’s a Lack of Self-Control 30Social Influences 30It’s the Environment 30It is How You Are Raised 31Learning View 31Control View 32Multiple Causes/Multiple Crimes 32The Crime Triangle 33Controlling People 34General Deterrence 34Specific Deterrence 34Controlling Places 34Situational Crime Prevention 34Security in Practice Communities Feel Safer with Private Security 35Defensible Space 35Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 36Displacement and Diffusion 37Diffusion 37Broken Windows Theory 38Game Theory 38Summary 39Key Terms 40Review Questions 40Practical Application 40  Chapter 3 Security Administration and Management 42Introduction 43The Business of Security 43Security Programs: Proprietary versus Contractual 44Spotlight What Security Executives Should Know about Ethics 45Business Principles 45Ethics 45Explaining Ethics 46Natural Law 46Ethical Theory 46Religious Principles 47Legal Requirements 47Ethical Practice 48Ethical Systems 48