Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases

Tanmoy Rana, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface xxvAcknowledgment xxvii1 General Introduction to Canine and Feline Parasitic Diseases 1Sanweer Khatoon1.1 Introduction 11.2 Type of Intestinal Parasites 51.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 61.4 Control 61.5 Internal Parasites 61.6 General Measures for the Prevention of Worm Infections 81.7 Anti- helminthics and Deworming Guidelines 92 Symbiosis and Parasitism in Dogs and Cats 11Adedayo M. Awoniyi2.1 Introduction 112.2 Examples of Dog and Cat Parasites 142.3 Recommendations and Conclusion 183 Risk Factors Associated with Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 19Baleshwari Dixit, Rinesh Kumar, Alok K. Dixit, and Alok K. Singh3.1 Introduction 193.2 Intrinsic Factors 213.3 External Factors 223.4 Control 284 Host–Parasite–Microbiome Interactions in Dogs and Cats 31Furqan Munir, Amna Shakoor, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, and Zia ud Din Sindhu4.1 Introduction 314.2 Microbiome of Parasites 324.3 The Microbiome of Dogs and Cats 324.4 Microbiomes and Helminths in the Guts of Dogs and Cats 334.5 Microbiota- mediated Protection 334.6 Why Do We Need to Study the Microbiota? 364.7 Future Perspectives 374.8 Conclusion 375 Linguatula serrata Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats 41V. G. Charitha, C. Sreedevi, V. C. Rayulu, and P. M. Kondaiah5.1 Introduction 415.2 Taxonomy 415.3 Historical Perspective 425.4 Incidence and Geographical Distribution 435.5 Morphology 435.6 Life Cycle 465.7 Pathogensis and Clinical Signs 465.8 Diagnosis 485.9 Treatment and Control 486 Annelida Infestations in Dogs and Cats 53Hanumappa Dhanalakshmi6.1 Leech Structure 536.2 Leech Organ Systems 536.3 Reproduction 536.4 Life Cycle 546.6 Feeding 556.7 Morphological Characteristics of Leech Families 556.8 Transmission 586.9 Pathogenesis 586.10 Treatment 586.11 Control 597 Insecta Infestations in Dogs and Cats 61Anil Kumar, Tanmoy Rana, Sonam Bhatt, and Ankesh Kumar7.1 Introduction 617.2 Diptera (Flies) 617.3 Phthiraptera (Lice) 647.4 Siphonaptera (Fleas) 657.5 Hemiptera (Bed Bugs) 677.6 Ticks and Mites 678 Acanthocephala Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats 73Ramesh Putchakayala and Gurram S. Haritha8.1 Origin and Classification 738.2 General Description 748.3 Developmental Stages 758.4 Acanthocephalans in Small Animals 759 Tick- borne Diseases in Dogs and Cats 79Ugochukwu F. Ogbodo9.1 Babesiosis 799.2 Cytauxzoonosis 819.3 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 829.4 Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis 849.5 Hepatozoonosis 859.6 Lyme Borreliosis 879.7 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 8810 Roundworm Infections in Dogs and Cats 93J. Adeppa and V. Gnani Charitha10.1 Introduction 9310.2 Morphology 9310.3 Life Cycle 9510.4 Clinical Findings and Lesions in Small Animals 9710.5 Clinical Findings and Pathogenesis in Humans 9710.6 Diagnosis 9910.7 Treatment 9910.8 Prevention 9911 Tapeworm Infections in Dogs and Cats 101Manoj K. Kalita, Gautam Bordoloi, and Prerona Patowary11.1 Introduction 10111.2 Dipylidium Tapeworms 10111.3 Taenia Tapeworms of Dogs and Cats 10211.4 Echinococcus 10511.5 Mesocestoides 10611.6 Diphyllobothrium 10712 Fluke Infections in Dogs and Cats 111Sanweer Khatoon, Afroz Jahan, Naresh Kumar, and Tikam Goyal12.1 Introduction 11112.2 Trematodes (Platyhelminthes, Flatworms, Flukes) 11112.3 Host Associations and Transmission Between Hosts 11512.4 Pathogenesis 11512.5 Public Health Considerations 11512.6 Conclusion 11612.7 Recommended Treatments and Strategies 11613 Protozoan Infections in Dogs and Cats 119Manoj K. Kalita and Prerona Patowary13.1 Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis) 11913.2 Hepatozoonosis 12013.3 Cytauxzoonosis 12113.4 Trypanosomiasis 12213.5 Toxoplasmosis 12313.6 Leishmanisis 12513.7 Neosporosis 12513.8 Sarcocystosis 12613.9 Trichomoniasis 12713.10 Intestinal Protozoa of Dogs and Cats 12713.11 Coccidiosis (Isosporiasis) 12913.12 Cryptosporidiosis 12914 Immunology and Pathogenic Purview 133Krishnan S. Prasanna14.1 Host–Parasite Associations 13314.2 Immune Machineries in Dogs and Cats 13414.3 Evasion of Immunity by Parasites 14114.4 Immunopathology 14214.5 Autoimmunity 14314.6 Conclusion 14415 Parasitic Zoonoses and One Health 147Hanumappa Dhanalakshmi15.1 Zoonoses Caused by Protozoa 14715.2 Zoonoses Caused by Trematodes 15215.3 Zoonoses Caused by Cestodes 15315.4 Zoonoses Caused by Nematodes 15515.5 Zoonoses Caused by Arthropods 15715.6 Flea Allergy Dermatitis 15715.7 Conclusions 15816 Parasitic Fauna Associated with Reproductive Disorders 161Baleshwari Dixit, Somesh Meshram, Amit K. Jha, and Ravi Khare16.1 Introduction 16116.2 Toxoplasmosis 16216.3 Neosporosis 16616.4 Leishmaniosis 16816.5 Dirofilariosis 16916.6 Toxocariasis 17017 Diagnostic Perspectives of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 173Manisha Mehra, Gunjan Choudhary, and Jaykumar Desai17.1 Parasite Detection in Fecal Materials 17317.2 Parasite Detection in Urinary Systems 18217.3 Blood Parasites of Dogs and Cats 18218 Anti- helminthic Resistance: A Barrier to Controlling Parasites in Dogs and Cats 189Fathy A. Osman18.1 Definitions 19018.2 Principles of Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) Development 19018.3 Factors Contributing to the Development of Anti- helminthic Resistance 19018.4 Evidence of Anti- helminthic Resistance 19418.5 Mechanisms of Resistance 19418.6 Monitoring Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) 19518.7 Prevention of Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) Development in Dogs and Cats 19918.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 20019 Molecular Biology of Parasites in Dogs and Cats 205Sanweer Khatoon, Afroz Jahan, Tikam Goyal, and Srinivas19.1 Introduction 20520 Parasitic Vaccines in Dogs and Cats 213Furqan Munir, Amna Shakoor, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, and Zia ud Din Sindhu20.1 Introduction 21320.2 Importance of Vaccination in Companion Animals 21420.3 The Manipulation of Immune Responses for the Development of Vaccines 21420.4 Advancement in the Development of Anti- parasitic Vaccines 21620.5 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Delivery of Vaccines 21720.6 Future Perspectives 21820.7 Conclusion 21921 Biological Control of Parasites 223Amita Dubey, Rupesh Verma, Amita Tiwari, and Apeksha Khare21.1 Introduction 22321.2 Traditional Control 22421.3 History of Biological Control 22421.4 Advantages of Biological Control 22421.5 Disadvantages of Biological Control 22421.6 Biological Control Agents 22421.7 Use of Biological Agents to Control Ticks and Mites 22721.8 Applying Biological Control 22721.9 Summary 22722 Therapeutic Measures and Control Strategies 229Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Fakiha Kalim, Azka Kalim, and Furqan MunirGlossary 22922.1 Introduction 22922.2 Risk Analysis for Designing Appropriate Control Strategies 23022.3 Deworming 23022.4 Use of Anti- parasitic Drugs 23122.5 Use of Nanotechnology 23122.6 Ecological Control 23622.7 Management Practices 23622.8 Role of Veterinarian 23822.9 Future Perspectives 23822.10 Conclusion 23923 Future Advanced Research Directions against Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 243Abrar Ul Haq, Idrees M. Allaie, Shahana R. Tramboo, and Tanmoy Rana23.1 Introduction 24323.2 Major Endoparasitic and Ectoparasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats 24323.3 Advances in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 24423.4 Advanced Therapies for Parasitoses in Dogs and Cats 24523.5 Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines 24623.6 Challenges and Future Directions Against Parasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats 24723.7 Conclusion 248References 249Index 253