Pressure Oscillation in Biomedical Diagnostics and Therapy

Ahmed Al-Jumaily is Professor of Biomechanical Engineering and Director, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand. He is a Fellow member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME). His current research focuses on biomedical applications with particular interest in the application of vibration and acoustics to airways constriction therapies and artery non-invasive diagnostics.Lulu Wang is currently a Distinguished Professor at Shenzhen Technology University, China. She is a Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Her research interests include medical devices, electromagnetic sensing and imaging, and computational mechanics. She has been selected as the World's Top 2% Scientists 2021 (by Stanford University). She is an active topic/track organizer of several international conferences.

• CHAPTER I PRESSURE WAVES FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY1.1 INTRODUCTION1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM MODELLING1.3 WAVE EQUATION1.4 GOVERNING EQUATION1.4.1 Assumptions1.4.2 Derivation1.4.3 Solution1.5 BIFURCATION1.6 DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY1.6.1 Diagnostics Applications1.6.2 Therapy Applications1.7 CLOSURE1.8 REFRENCESPART I: DIAGNOSTICS AND IMIGINGCHAPTER II: PULSE WAVE FOR ARTERIAL DIAGNOSTICS2.1 INTRODUCTION        2.2 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM2.2.1 Arterial System2.2.2 Properties of Arteries  2.2.3 Arterial Stiffness (AS)2.3 NON-INVASIVE ARTERIAL STIFFNESS DETECTION2.3.1 Local Methods2.3.2 Regional Methods2.3.3 Waveform Analysis Methods2.4 ARTERIAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT2.5 LUMPED MODELLING OF THE AORTA AND BRACHIAL ARTERIES...2.5.1 Input Signal2.5.2 Wave Reflection Locations2.5.3 Cuff-Soft Tissue -Brachial Artery Model2.5.4 Brachial Artery Model2.5.5 Combined Model2.6 ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE2.6.1 Pulse Pressure2.6.2 Mean Arterial Pressure2.6.3 Non-invasive Blood Pressure Measurement Methods2.6.4 Proposed Blood Pressure Measurement Method2.7 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFICATION2.8 PULSE WAVE2.8.1 Pulse Wave History2.8.2 Pulse Wave Types2.8.3 Augmentation Index2.8.4 Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV2.8.5 Arterial Stiffness Index2.8.6 Cardiac Output (CO2.8.7 Pulse Wave Analysis (PWA) Methods2.9 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PULSE WAVE ANALYSIS2.9.1 Pulse Wave Analysis for the Early Detection of Cardiovascular Disease2.9.2 Pulse Wave Analysis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease2.9.3 Pulse Wave in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)2.9.4 Pulse Wave Analysis for the Prediction of PreeclampsiaBIBLIOGRAPHYCHAPTER III: RADIATION FORCE3.1 INTRODUCTION3.2 ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE3.2.1 Types of Radiation Force3.2.2 Acoustic Radiation Force History3.2.3 Applications of Acoustic Radiation Force3.2.4 Acoustic Radiation Force Based Elasticity Imaging Techniques3.2.5 Commercial Implementations of Acoustic Radiation Force Based Imaging3.3 VIBRO ACOUSTOGRAPHY3.3.1 Soft Tissue Material Properties3.3.2 Dynamic Radiation Force in Vibro-Acoustography3.3.3 Acoustic Emission3.3.4 Ultrasound Beam Forming3.3.5 Image Formation3.3.6 Experimental System3.3.7 Multi-frequency Vibro-Acoustography3.4 VIBRO-ACOUSTOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS3.4.1 Breast Imaging Application3.4.2 Arteries Imaging Application3.4.3 Prostate Imaging Application3.4.4 Other Applications3.5 GENERAL REMARKS ON VA3.5.1 Benefits and Limitations of VA3.5.2 Limitations of VA3.5.3 Comparison of Vibro-Acoustography with Pulse–echo Systems3.5.4 Future DirectionsBIBLIOGRAPHYCHAPTER IV:  HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 4.1 INTRODUCTION4.2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM4.2.1 Upper Airways4.2.2 Lower Airways4.3 LUNG DEVELOPMENT4.4 GAS EXCHANGE AND CONTROL4.5 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MECHANICS4.5.1 Mechanical Properties4.5.2 Airway Resistance4.5.3 Surface Tension4.5.4 Elastance and Compliance4.5.5 Impedance4.6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MODELS4.7 MEASUREMENT METHODS4.7.1 Lung Function Tests4.7.2 Spirometry4.7.2 Forced Oscillation Technique4.8 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISEASES4.8.1 Obstructive Lung Diseases4.8.2 Restrictive Lung Diseases4.9 DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG DISEASES4.10 RESPIRATORY DISEASES TREATMENT4.10.1 Surfactant Therapy4.10.2 Ventilation Treatments4.10.3 Ventilation Techniques using Pressure Oscillations4.10.4 High Frequency Ventilation4.10.5 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) with Pressure Oscillations4.10.6 Noisy ventilation4.10.7 The Role of Vibration4.11 CLOSUREBIBLIOGRAPHYCHAPTER V: FORCED OSCILLATION TECHNIQUE 5.1 INTRODUCTION5.2 FORCED OSCILLATION TECHNIQUE5.2.1 FOT Development History5.2.2 Forced Oscillation Technique Types5.2.3 FOT Setup5.3 MEASUREMENT ARRANGEMENT5.3.1 Resistance Measurement5.3.2 Impedance Measurement Method5.4 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS5.4.1 FOT in Responsiveness Tests5.4.2 FOT for Detecting Asthma Phenotypes5.4.3 FOT in Patients Subjected to Ventilator Support5.4.4 Monitoring of Respiratory Mechanics5.5 CONCLUDING REMARKSBIBLIOGRAPHYPART TWO: LUNG THERAPIES CHAPTER VI: OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA6.1 INTRODUCTION6.2 OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA6.2.1 Anatomic Contributors to OSA6.2.2 OSA Risks and Symptoms6.2.3 OSA Diagnostic Methods6.3 TREATMENT OPTION FOR OSA6.4 SURGICAL TREATMENTS6.4.1 Palatal Surgeries6.4.2 Hypopharyngeal Procedures6.4. 3 Other Procedures6.5 CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE6.5.1 CPAP Principle6.5.2 CPAP Main Components6.5.3 Titration Pressure6.6 OTHER FORMS OF CPAP6.6.1 Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure6.6.2 Automatic Continuous Positive Airway Pressure6.6.3 Auto Bi-Level Machines 6.6.4 Adaptive Pressure Support Servo-Ventilators6.7 CLINICAL STUDIES6.7.1 CPAP6.7.2 Auto-CPAP6.7.3 Clinical Comparison Studies of Auto CPAP and CPAP6.8 SIDE EFFECTS WITH CPAP APPLICATIONS6.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF PRESSURE OSCILLATION6.9.1 Rationales6.9.2 Pressure Oscillation6.9.3 Pressure Oscillations Superimposed on CPAP6.10 IMPROVEMENTS ON CPAP THERAPY6.10.1 SIPO Modulate the Obstructed UA6.10.2 SIPO for Saliva Stimulation6.11 DEMONSTRATING SIPO CLINICALLY6.11.1 Polysomnography setup6.11.2 Saliva collection test6.11.3 Concluding RemarksBIBLIOGRAPHYCHAPTER VII: PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS IN ASTHMA TREATMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION7.2 ASTHMA7.2.1 Types of Asthma7.2.2 Asthma Diagnostics7.2.3 Asthma Treatment7.2.3.1 Pharmacotherapy Treatments7.2.3.2 Non-pharmacological Treatments7.3 AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLES (ASM)7.3.1 Structure of Airway Smooth Muscle7.3.2 ASM Function in Health and Disease7.3.3 ASM and Airway Responsiveness7.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Airway Smooth Muscle7.4 BREATHING DYNAMICS AND ASM7.4.1 ASM Dynamics7.4.2 Modelling of Airway Smooth Muscle Dynamics7.5 LENGTH OSCILLATION BRONCHODILATION7.5.1 Filament Sliding Model7.5.2 Finite Duration for Length Steps7.5.3 ASM Response7.6 LENGTH OSCILLATION BRONCHOPROTECTION7.6.1 Effect of Length Oscillations on ASM Reactivity and Cross-Bridge Cycling7.6.2 Concluding Remarks7.7 ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVES OF CONTRACTION-RELAXATION MECHANISM7. 8. ANIMAL MODELS7.8.1 Mouse Anatomy7.8.2 Acute and Chronical Asthmatic Models7.8.3 Model Limitations7.9 MODEL SENSITIZATION7.9.1 Sensitization Assessment7.9.2 AHR / Plethysmography  7.9.3 ELISA (IgE)  7.9.4 BAL7.10 SUPERIMPOSED PRESSURE OSCILLATION7.10.1 Experimental layout7.10.2 Nebulization System for the Drugs and Allergen7.10.3 Pressure Oscillation Setup7.11 IN VIVO TEST7.11.1 Relaxation7.11.2 Lung Resistance7.11.3 Compliance7.11.4 Concluding RemarksBIBLIOGRAPHYCHAPTER VIII: PRESSURE OSCILLATION IN NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES TREATMENT 8.1 INTRODUCTION8.2 NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISEASES8.2.1 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia8.2.2 Pneumonia8.2.3 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn8.2.4 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome8.2.5 Respiratory Distress Syndrome8.2.6 Neonatal RDS Treatments8.2.7 Role of Pressure Oscillations8.3 HIGH-FREQUENCY VENTILATION8.3.1 Mechanics of High-Frequency Oscillation8.3.2 Modalities of High-Frequency Ventilation8.3.3 High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation System8.3.4 Gas Transport During HFOV8.3.5 Control of Gas Exchange8.3.6 Ventilator8.3.7 Adjusting Ventilatory Parameters8.3.8 Noninvasive Assessment of Lung Volume8.3.9 Weaning8.4 NOISY VENTILATION8.5 CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE8.5.1 Nasal CPAP8.5.2 Bubble CPAP System8.6 MODELLING OF BUBBLE CPAP8.6.1 Model Formulation8.6.2 Structural Correlation  8.6.3 Results and Discussion8.7 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE OSCILLATIONS8.7.1 HFOV in the Neonate and Infant8.7.2 HFOV in the Children8.7.3 HFOV in Adolescent and Adult8.7.4 Clinical Benefits and Disadvantages of HFOV8.7.5 Clinical Applications of CPAPBIBLIOGRAPHY