Prescription Drugs

David E. Newton is the author of more than 400 textbooks, encyclopedias, workbooks, and other educational materials, primarily in the field of science and math.

• Preface1. Background and HistoryDrug Basics- Drug Sources- Drug Types- Drug NomenclatureThe Drug Approval Process- Preclinical Testing- Clinical Testing- FDA ApprovalUnapproved DrugsOrphan DrugsPrescription Drugs in History- The History of Pharmaceutics- NarcoticsMonitoring of Drug UseConclusionReferences2. Problems, Controversies, and SolutionsTesting New Drugs- Animal Experimentation- Human Experimentation- Testing Biases- Reforming Drug Trial InequitiesPrescription Drug Abuse- Types of Prescription Drugs of AbuseThe Cost of Prescription Drugs- The Data- Causes- Possible SolutionsConclusionReferences3. PerspectivesIntroductionThe Cork Board, Kyle Citrin, Clay Knibbs, and Carter SoboleskiClimate Change and Prescription Drugs: The Impacts of Increased Temperature on Public Health, Shel EvergreenDrug Discovery: A Twentieth-Century Story of Scientific Curiosity, Persistence, and Creative Guesswork, Margaret Willig CraneWill Naloxone Become a Real "Superhero"?, Randolph FillmoreDrugs and the Professional Bodybuilder, Kenzie GauckThe Significance of Statistics, Joel GrossmanPrescription Drug Ads That Target Consumers, Phill JonesThe Human Brain, Maia PujaraThe Second-Best Time, Thomm QuackenbushSick Full Time, Marissa QuenquaThe Drug Supply Chain and the United States, Bob RoehrCan Information Technology Help Curb Prescription Drug Abuse?, Jeremy Summers4. ProfilesAlliance for Safe Online PharmaciesBayer AGDrug Enforcement AdministrationCarl Durham (1892–1974)Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978)Paul Janssen (1926–2003)Kaiser Family FoundationWilliam Proctor Jr. (1817–1874)Friedrich Sertürner (1783–1841)Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin (1925–2014)Daniel B. Smith (1792–1883)5. Data and DocumentsData- Table 5.1. Urban-Rural Differences in Drug Overdose Death Rates, by Sex, Age, and Type of Drugs Involved, 1999–2017- Table 5.2. Strategies Used by U.S. Adults to Reduce Cost of Prescription Drugs, 2013–2017- Table 5.3. Descriptive Statistics on Prescription Drug Prices for Select Countries, 2018- Table 5.4. Median Total Cost of Top-Selling Brand-Name Drugs, 2012–2017- Table 5.5. Prescription Drug Use in the Past 30 Days, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Age: United States, Selected Years 1988–1994 through 2013–2016- Table 5.6. Trends in Use of One or More Prescription Drugs in the Past 30 Days, by Age, 2007–2016- Table 5.7. Most Commonly Used Prescription Drug Types in the Past 30 Days, by Age Group, 2015–2016Documents- Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951)- Controlled Substances Act (1970)- Orphan Drug Act of 1983- Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (1984)- Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987- State Doctor Shopping Laws (1990/2011)- Prescription Drug User Fee Act (1992)- Animal Drug Availability Act (1996)- Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008- FDA Bad Ad Program (2010)- United States ex rel. Michael Mullen v. AmerisourceBergen Corporation, et al. (2018)- American Patients First (2018)- Generic Drugs: Questions & Answers (2018)- Association for Accessible Medicines v. Frosh (2018)- Medicare Prescription Drug Coverage (2020)- The American Hospital Association v. Azar (2020)6. ResourcesBooksArticlesReportsInternet7. ChronologyGlossaryIndex